Multiple environmental burdens and neighborhood-related health of city residents

Urban living environments are known to influence human well-being and health; however, little is known about the multidimensionality of different environmental burdens. The aim of this study is to examine the relations between multiple burdens and self-rated health of city residents in Berlin. A spatial analysis was conducted to determine neighborhood street blocks with high versus low levels of three environmental burdens (traffic noise, air pollution, lack of public green space) as study sites for a cross-sectional household questionnaire. Burden level served as a dichotomous predictor to compare residents' self-reports of neighborhood satisfaction, life satisfaction, health behavior, and psychological and physical health symptoms. Residents from high-burden blocks appraised the environmental conditions more stressful, reported poorer health behavior and were less satisfied with their neighborhood than residents from low-burden blocks. However, they did not differ in regard to more general health symptoms. Three other burdens (behavior-related noise, litter and dirt in public space, lack of urban vegetation), which could not be varied objectively, were assessed by their perceived intensity. Regression analyses of the relations between the perceived levels of all six burdens and outcomes in the total sample revealed the following: Neighborhood satisfaction could be predicted from multiple stressors and resources that co-occur independently, while more general health symptoms were related only to perceived air pollution. The results have implications for both urban planning and public health.     

南京北郊大气棕碳吸光特性、来源及其季节变化特征

大气棕碳(BrC)是对大气颗粒物中具有吸光能力的一类有机物的总称，其对空气能见度及气候系统均有重要影响.自2021年3月至2022年2月底于南京北郊利用黑碳仪测定了气溶胶中BrC的光吸收系数，利用最小相关性法分别定量一次(BrC_pri)和二次棕碳(BrC_sec)贡献，结合后向轨迹、潜在来源和日均变化，分析季节变化特征.结果表明，观测期间BrC的平均光吸收系数(370 nm)为(7.76±7.17)Mm^-1,对于总气溶胶光吸收贡献率为(22.0±8.8)%.不同波长下棕碳吸光系数在四季呈现U字形变化，即春季和冬季高，夏季和秋季低.BrC_pri和BrC_sec(370 nm)全年光吸收贡献分别为(62.9±21.4)%和(37.1±21.4)%;前者在四季均占主导，但随着波长增加，BrC_sec的贡献逐渐增加并最终占主导(如在660 nm时).除冬季以外，BrC在其他季节受到来自海上气团的显著影响，而冬季受当地及周边地区排放影响更为显著.交通排放在春、夏和秋季对一...     

DOC技术对柴油机排放颗粒物数浓度的影响

利用ELPI(电子低压冲击器)对不同转速、不同负荷以及安装DOC(氧化催化转化器)前后颗粒物排放及粒径分布进行了研究. 结果表明:无论安装DOC与否,柴油机排放颗粒物数浓度均随发动机转速的增加而增加. 增大负荷,颗粒物数浓度峰值处的粒径也随之增大. 经过DOC催化转化后,柴油机排放颗粒物的大部分仍呈单峰正态分布,且DOC对核模态粒子的氧化转化效率较高. 经过DOC后,在低转速下,不同粒径的颗粒物数浓度均有所降低;中、高转速下,DOC对粒径大于120 nm的颗粒物数浓度无明显降低作用.      

Nest desertion is not predicted by cuckoldry in the Eurasian penduline tit

Engagement in extra-pair copulations is an example of the abundant conflicting interests between males and females over reproduction. Potential benefits for females and the risk of cuckoldry for males are expected to have important implications on the evolution of parental care. However, whether parents adjust parental care in response to parentage remains unclear. In Eurasian penduline tits Remiz pendulinus, which are small polygamous songbirds, parental care is carried out either by the male or by the female. In addition, one third of clutches is deserted by both male and female. Desertion takes place during the egg-laying phase. Using genotypes of nine microsatellite loci of 443 offspring and 211 adults, we test whether extra-pair paternity predicts parental care. We expect males to be more likely to desert cuckolded broods, whereas we expect females, if they obtain benefits from having multiple sires, to be more likely to care for broods with multiple paternity. Our results suggest that parental care is not adjusted to parentage on an ecological timescale. Furthermore, we found that male attractiveness does not predict cuckoldry, and we found no evidence for indirect benefits for females (i.e., increased growth rates or heterozygosity of extra-pair offspring). We argue that male Eurasian penduline tits may not be able to assess the risk of cuckoldry; thus, a direct association with parental care is unlikely to evolve. However, timing of desertion (i.e., when to desert during the egg-laying phase) may be influenced by the risk of cuckoldry. Future work applying extensive gene sequencing and quantitative genetics is likely to further our understanding of how selection may influence the association between parentage and parental care.     

水葫芦内生细菌脂肪酸生物标记特性研究（Characteristics of PLFA Biomarkers for the Endophyte Bacteria inside Eichhornia crassipe（Mart.）Solms）

应用基于微生物细胞脂肪酸成分鉴定的全自动微生物鉴定系统,鉴定水葫芦内生细菌25株,分属15个属.共检测到27个脂肪酸生物标记(PLFAs),这些生物标记分为4种类型,即(1)高频次分布:在25株细菌中出现13～22次,属于细菌总体类群(general)的生物标记.(2)中频次分布:在25株细菌中出现5～7次,可以用于代表细菌属类群(genus)识别生物标记.(3)低频次分布:在细菌中的分布概率较小,可以用于指示特定细菌种间差异的生物标记.(4)微频次分布:仅在一种细菌种类出现,是细菌种(species)特征生物标记.利用脂肪酸生物标记分析同属细菌不同种的差异,可将微杆菌属分为2类,第1类包括菌株9Microbacterium barkeri和11Microbacterium imperiale,这两个菌株17:0ISO和14:0ISO的脂肪酸生物标记含量均为0.第2类包括10Microbacterium esteraromaticum、12Microbacterium lacticum和13Microbacterium liquefaciens,这3个菌株均含有17:0ISO脂肪酸生物标记而区别于第一类菌株.利用脂肪酸生物标记的差异对25株内生细菌进行聚类分析,可将水葫芦内生细菌类群分为4类.不同植物内生菌群落中存在着特异的生物标记,利用特征脂肪酸生物标记的分析方法,分析水葫芦内生细菌的群体特性,对于植物内生菌微生物群落的研究具有重要意义.     

Anreicherung atmosphärischer Depositionen von Metallen und Stickstoff in Moosen Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns von 1990 bis 2005

Background, aim and scope Since 1990 the UN ECE Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys provide data inventories of the atmospheric heavy metal bioaccumulation across Europe. In the survey 2005 the nitrogen accumulation was measured for the first time in most of the participating countries. In Germany, the surveys were conducted in close cooperation of the relevant authorities of both the Federal Republic and the sixteen states. Therefore, statistical evaluations of the moss survey data with regard to the whole German territory and single federal states are of interest. This article concentrates on Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, dealing with the mapping of the spatiotemporal trends of metal accumulation from 1990 to 2005, the spatial patterns of nitrogen accumulation in 2005, and the spatial variability of bioaccumulation due to characteristics of the sampling sites and their surroundings. Materials and methods The bioaccumulation of up to 40 trace elements in mosses was determined according to a Europe-wide harmonised methodology. The according experimental protocol regulates the selection of sampling sites and moss species, the chemical analysis and quality control and the classification of the measured values for mapping spatial patterns. In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania all sampling sites were described with regard to topographical and ecological characteristics and several criteria to be fulfilled according to the guideline. Together with the measurements this metadata was combined with other information regarding land use in the surroundings of the sampling sites in the WebGIS MossMet. The spatial structure of the metal bioaccumulation was analysed and modelled by variogram analyses and then mapped by applying different kriging techniques. Furthermore, multi metal indices (MMI) were derived for both the sampling sites and raster maps with help of percentile statistics: The MMI_1990–2005 was calculated for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn. The statistical association of the metal bioaccumulation, site specific characteristics as well as information on land use and emissions was analysed by bivariate nonparametric correlation analysis, contingency tables and Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID). Results The results of the quality controlled chemical analyses show a significant decrease of the metal bioaccumulation in Germany from 1990 to 2000 for all elements. However, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania the concentrations of Cr and Zn are even significantly higher than those found in 1990. From 2000 to 2005?a further non-significant increase can be stated for As, Cu, Ni and Ti. The concentrations of Cd and Pb decreased significantly throughout all four surveys. The MMI illustrates the temporal trend of the metal bioaccumulation as a whole: After a significant decrease from 1990 to 2000 it increased significantly till 2005. The N concentration in mosses in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania reaches from 1.3 to 2.3?% in dry mass and is negatively correlated with the forest ratio in the surroundings of the moss sampling sites and to the same degree positively correlated with the area ratio of agricultural land uses. Except for Cd, Pb and Sb all metal concentrations in the mosses are negatively correlated with the forest ratio around the sampling sites. With the exception of Cr all metal concentrations are further negatively correlated with the precipitation sums of the accumulation periods. Only the Cu and Zn concentrations show no or rather a negative correlation with the tree height whereas all other elements exhibit positive correlations. Furthermore, all elements except Cr are significantly associated to the sampled moss species, the growth pattern and the frequency of occurrence of the mosses at the respective sampling sites. Exemplified for Cu multivariate correlations were furthermore detected by CHAID. It could be shown that the frequency of the mosses, the sampled moss species, the distance to motorways and the distance to the Baltic Sea are the statistically most significant boundary conditions of the Cu concentrations in the mosses sampled in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in 2005. No correlations were found between the modelled total depositions and the concentrations of Cd, Hg and Pb in the mosses at p < 0.1. For Pb in 1995?r is 0.52 at p = 0.012, for the other surveys no correlations at p < 0.05 could be found. Discussion The increase of the Cr bioaccumulation from 2000 till 2005 is particularly pronounced in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. This trend is confirmed with regional differences in the national average as well as in other participating countries like in Switzerland. Deposition measurements did not register this trend. In contrast to the UNECE area, the federal territory and several federal states no correlations were found between the modelled total depositions and the metal concentrations in the mosses. Conclusions The fact that no correlations were found between the modelled total depositions and the element concentrations in the mosses may be caused by the low spatial resolution (50?×?50?km) of the EMEP data. The moss surveys contribute to the heavy metal and the multi-component-model of CLRTAP because they prove on different spatial scales how air pollution control influences the accumulation of emitted substances in environmental subjects of protection like vegetation. In contrast to deposition measurement networks the moss monitoring identified a trend reversal in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: The continuous decrease of the metal bioaccumulation in mosses from 1990 till 2000 has changed to an increase of several metals between 2000 and 2005. This increase is significant for Cr and Zn. Recommendations and perspectives The spatial resolution of the EMEP deposition data should be enhanced based on the Europe-wide regression relationship between the element concentrations in the deposition and in the mosses. For regional studies the existing but so far not useable deposition measurement data of the federal states should be made available. It should further be investigated what caused the increase of the Cr concentrations above the level of 1990 – perhaps emissions or biogenic effects as a consequence of simultaneously increased nitrogen loads? The Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys are a positive example for environmental monitoring activities reaching across three spatial and administrative levels: regional (e.?g. federal state or natural landscape), nation wide (e.?g. Germany) and continental (e.?g. Europe). In Germany the harmonised and quality controlled moss data are made available via a WebGIS portal. Therefore the moss data may easily be accessed for environmental monitoring purposes and the control of environmental political actions. Hence, the continuous task of environmental monitoring can be met and carried on in the future. It should further be considered to expand the moss monitoring on the survey of persistent organic pollutants and apply it in human-biomonitoring. This would facilitate the acquisition of indoor and outdoor pollution with the same receptor.     

基于遥感-过程耦合模型的地表蒸散量应用研究

作为陆面过程中地气相互作用的重要过程之一,蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET)在地球的大气圈-水圈-生物圈中发挥着重要作用。利用遥感-过程耦合模型BEPS,以中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料为主要输入,模拟分析了2007-2009年美国区域的地表ET,同时利用通量观测网AmeriFlux的站点观测数据验证该模型在ET模拟研究中的可靠性与适应。结果表明：12个站点通量实测值与BEPS模型模拟的ET值的相关系数为0.7297(P<0.05),表明BEPS模型能够较好的模拟研究区的地表ET。ET在1年内呈现明显的单峰趋势,5-9月ET值较高,可达60 mm·mon-1以上,最小值在1月份,值为8.39 mm·mon-1,最大值在7月份,值为118.04 mm·mon-1。该区域ET的平均年总量为505 mm·a-1。受地形、气候的影响,ET最高值对应于南部区域,这些地区ET的年总量普遍在600 mm·a-1以上,最高值为1667 mm·a-1,对应的主要覆被类型为草地和农田;中北部和东部的大部分区域ET年总量为400~600 mm·a-1;ET最小值在西部区域,年总量小于400 mm·a-1,对应覆被类型为疏林地和混交林。降水量与ET差值呈现从东向西逐渐递减的趋势,最小值主要分布在西部沙漠。整个研究区域ET与降水量之比的平均值为0.72,由东向西基本呈现增加趋势,在西部以及中北部的部分地区比值达到最大。     

溶解性有机质对菲在沉积物上吸附与解吸性能的影响

采集了北京通州凉水河(标记为L)以及广东东江流域(标记为D)的沉积物,并进行菲(Phe)的连续吸附-解吸实验,研究了不同含量及组成的溶解性有机质(DOMs)对其吸附与解吸性能的影响.结果表明,DOMs能明显抑制菲在沉积物上的吸附,在实验浓度范围内(0~110mg/L),菲在沉积物上的吸附量与DOC浓度呈显著的负线性相关,并且DOC浓度越高,对吸附作用的抑制越显著.在溶解性有机质存在条件下,菲在2种沉积物上的吸附均呈线性吸附特征,kd值随加入沉积物浸出液DOC浓度的减小呈增大的趋势.菲在2种沉积物上的解吸过程均呈现一定的迟滞性,其解吸迟滞性可用热力学指数TII来描述.随着菲初始浓度的增加,TII值先减小后增加,其变化可以用吸附在高低位点上的菲分子比例以及菲分子是否能够被禁锢在吸附剂微孔内部来加以解释;溶解性有机质的存在,能促进菲从沉积物上的解吸,从而使菲的解吸滞后性减弱, 增强其在水环境介质中的迁移与传输能力.     

混凝过程中微絮体形貌的AFM液池成像观测与表征

采用扫描探针显微镜液池成像技术,对混凝过程中絮体的微观形貌进行了观测与表征.结果表明,原子力显微镜液池成像技术可以对混凝过程中的微絮体进行形貌表征和数字描述,并证实在实际印染工业尾水的微絮凝过滤试验处理过程中,微絮凝时间为2min,搅拌强度为100s-1时可以达到优化的处理效果.这也说明液池成像技术能够较好的反映混凝过程中微絮体的形貌变化特征,从而实现对环境微观界面过程的原位观测与表征.