内河船舶柴油机的实际排放特征

利用由SEMTECH-DS和ELPI组成的PEMS(车载排放测试系统),对京杭运河江苏段具有代表性的12艘内河船舶进行实际排放测试,分析不同工况下CO、HC、NO_x和PM的排放. 结果表明:巡航工况下CO、HC和PM排放速率分别为0.093、0.019、0.018g/s,低于进、出港工况;而NO_x排放速率为0.347g/s,分别为出港和进港工况的1.66和2.90倍;不同工况外排NO占NO_x比例不同,其中巡航工况中外排NO所占比例最大(达到96.7%),而出港和进港工况则分别为93.6%和93.1%. 随着负荷增加,船舶 CO、HC、NO和PM的排放浓度增大,高负荷下CO、HC、NO_x、PM的排放浓度比低负荷分别增高89.23%、29.51%、44.72%和229.49%. 由颗粒物的粒径分布可知,3种工况下颗粒物数浓度的粒径分布呈双峰分布,分别对应核模态和积聚模态,粒径<120nm的颗粒物数浓度占总浓度的99.84%以上,PM_2.5数浓度占PM₁₀比例均超过99.9%.      

自养微生物同化碳在土壤腐殖质组分及团聚体中的分配

采用14C-CO₂(碳同位素)连续标记技术结合室内模拟培养试验,采用土壤有机质的物理、化学分组方法,研究了不同种植方式〔P-R(盘塘水稻土)、P-U(盘塘水旱轮作土)和U-C(盘塘坡旱土)〕下14C-SOC(自养微生物同化碳)在土壤腐殖质组分和团聚体中的分配特征. 结果表明:不同种植方式显著影响自养微生物的固碳能力,P-R的自养微生物固碳能力最强〔w(14C-SOC)为38.32 mg/kg〕,约为P-U和U-C的2倍;P-R和P-U中w(14C-DOC)、w(14C-MBC)显著大于U-C中. 14C-SOC不同程度地进入了土壤的3种腐殖质组分(胡敏素、胡敏酸、富啡酸)中,其中进入胡敏素中的14C-SOC占总量的67.7%. 14C-SOC亦进入了不同粒径的土壤团聚体中,其中主要进入了Ⅲ级(0.020 mm≤粒径<0.200 mm)和Ⅱ级(0.200 mm≤粒径<2.000 mm)粒径的大团聚体中,表现出了碳汇效应;不同种植方式的土壤中,以P-R土壤各粒径土壤团聚体中w(14C-SOC)最高. 相关分析表明,全土中的w(14C-SOC)与各粒径土壤团聚体中w(14C-SOC)和胡敏酸中w(14C-SOC)均呈显著正相关.      

Behavior of aqueous stable colloidal nano-C60 aggregates exposed to TX100 micelles under different environmental conditions

C₆₀, as one of carbon nanomaterials widely used in various fields, could be released into the water environment thus exerting some potential health risks to human beings. This work examined the behavior of aqueous stable colloidal nano-C₆₀ (nC₆₀) aggregates under different environmental conditions including Polyethylene glycol octylphenol ether (TX100) micelles concentration, pH, and reaction time when exposed to TX100 micelles. Results show that the nC₆₀ aggregates became more dispersive and restored the capability of generating the singlet oxygen when exposed to TX100 micelles. With the increase of TX100 concentration, smaller average size of nC₆₀ aggregates was observed in dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, the fluorescence intensity of TX100 was more quenched by nC₆₀ aggregates, and the kinetic rate constant of generating the singlet oxygen for nC₆₀ aggregates was improved. The mean size of nC₆₀ aggregates in the presence of TX100 had no obvious variations when the pH ranged from 4 to 8. The longer reaction time between nC₆₀ aggregates and TX100 led to a higher kinetic rate constant of generating the singlet oxygen. Collective data suggest that variations in physicochemical properties of nC₆₀ aggregates are strongly dependent on the surrounding media under different environmental conditions and directly govern nC₆₀’s transport behavior and potential toxicity.     

西北干旱区柴窝堡湖干涸湖底粉尘潜在扩散特征

运用HYSPLIT模型,结合美国环境预报中心(NCEP)和大气研究中心(NCAR)2000~2013年的再分析气象资料,对柴窝堡盆地粉尘潜在扩散的时间和空间特征进行了研究.结果表明:柴窝堡湖干涸湖底粉尘潜在扩散范围具有明显的季节分异.春季粉尘潜在扩散范围和密度最大,覆盖我国大部分地区,最远可达朝鲜半岛部分地区,其次是秋季,夏季粉尘潜在扩散以1000m为界表明出明显的高度差异,冬季粉尘潜在扩散范围和密度均是最小的.随高度增加,不同季节气流可能携带粉尘密度均呈降低趋势.受地形影响,粉尘潜在扩散有两个主要通道,100m以下主要向西南方向扩散,而100m以上主要向东南方向扩散.柴窝堡盆地干涸湖底大量的粉尘在气流携带下可以长时间远距离输送,在近源区沉降,严重影响乌鲁木齐及其周边地区,并可能加速天山山区的雪冰消融.     

(Persistent) Organic pollutants in Germany: results from a pilot study within the 2015 moss survey

Background

Since 1990, every 5 years, moss sampling is conducted within the European moss monitoring programme to assess the atmospheric deposition of airborne pollutants. Besides many other countries, Germany takes regularly part at these evaluations. Within the European moss monitoring 2015, more than 400 moss samples across Germany were taken according to a harmonized methodology for the assessment heavy metal and nitrogen input. In a pilot programme, eight of these sites were chosen for additional investigations on a broad range of organic contaminants to evaluate their accumulation in moss and thereby their presence in atmospheric deposition in Germany. Target compound classes comprised polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and –furans (PCDD/F), dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB, ndl-PCB), polyfluorinated alkyl substances, classical flame retardants as well as emerging chlorinated and brominated flame retardants. In total, 120 target compounds were analysed. For some analytes, comparisons of accumulation in moss and tree leave samples were possible.

Results

Except for certain flame retardants, PFAS, and ndl-PCB, substances of all other compound classes could be quantified in moss samples of all sites. Concentrations were highest for PAH (40–268 ng g^?1) followed by emerging flame retardants (0.5–7.7 ng g^?1), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE; 0.3–3.7 ng g^?1), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD; 0.3–1.2 ng g^?1), dl-PCB (0.04–0.4 ng g^?1) and PCDD/F (0.008–0.06 ng g^?1).

Conclusions

Results show the widespread atmospheric distribution and deposition of organic contaminants across Germany as well as the suitability of moss as bioaccumulation monitor for most of these compound classes. Compared to nearby tree leaf samples, accumulation potential of moss appeared to be higher for pollutants of high octanol–air partition coefficient (K_OA) and octanol–water partition coefficient (K_OW).

     

Modelling spatial patterns of correlations between concentrations of heavy metals in mosses and atmospheric deposition in 2010 across Europe

Background

This paper aims to investigate the correlations between the concentrations of nine heavy metals in moss and atmospheric deposition within ecological land classes covering Europe. Additionally, it is examined to what extent the statistical relations are affected by the land use around the moss sampling sites. Based on moss data collected in 2010/2011 throughout Europe and data on total atmospheric deposition modelled by two chemical transport models (EMEP MSC-E, LOTOS-EUROS), correlation coefficients between concentrations of heavy metals in moss and in modelled atmospheric deposition were specified for spatial subsamples defined by ecological land classes of Europe (ELCE) as a spatial reference system. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and logistic regression (LR) were then used to separate moss sampling sites regarding their contribution to the strength of correlation considering the areal percentage of urban, agricultural and forestry land use around the sampling location. After verification LDA models by LR, LDA models were used to transform spatial information on the land use to maps of potential correlation levels, applicable for future network planning in the European Moss Survey.

Results

Correlations between concentrations of heavy metals in moss and in modelled atmospheric deposition were found to be specific for elements and ELCE units. Land use around the sampling sites mainly influences the correlation level. Small radiuses around the sampling sites examined (5 km) are more relevant for Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn, while the areal percentage of urban and agricultural land use within large radiuses (75–100 km) is more relevant for As, Cr, Hg, Pb, and V. Most valid LDA models pattern with error rates of <?40% were found for As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and V. Land use-dependent predictions of spatial patterns split up Europe into investigation areas revealing potentially high (=?above-average) or low (=?below-average) correlation coefficients.

Conclusions

LDA is an eligible method identifying and ranking boundary conditions of correlations between atmospheric deposition and respective concentrations of heavy metals in moss and related mapping considering the influence of the land use around moss sampling sites.

     

国家环境经济政策进展评估报告2020

本年度国家环境经济政策进展评估报告采用实地调研法和政策分析法,对2020年我国环境经济政策进展进行了系统评估,总体结论认为环境经济政策在污染防治攻坚战和生态环境质量改善中发挥了积极作用,有效支撑服务了高质量发展。绿色财政、环境资源价格、绿色税收、生态补偿、绿色金融等政策推进取得了积极进展,但是环境经济政策体系仍不够完善,服务于生态文明建设的环境经济政策仍然存在结构性短缺,需要积极推进环保投融资、生态补偿等环境经济政策的创新运用,着力构建支撑高质量发展和高水平生态环境保护的长效机制。     

Extreme phase sensitivity of afferents which innervate mormyromast electroreceptors

The Science of Nature -     

First-trimester prenatal diagnosis of the nijmegen breakage syndrome and ataxia telangiectasia using an assay of radioresistant dna synthesis

Prenatal diagnosis was performed in two pregnancies at risk of the Nijmegen breakage syndrome. In one pregnancy, an affected fetus was diagnosed by demonstration of radioresistant DNA synthesis, using autoradiographic detection of incorporated tritiated thymidine in cultured chorionic villus cells. The diagnosis was confirmed in fetal skin fibroblasts. In the other case, the fetus appeared unaffected. Using the same procedure, unaffected fetuses were predicted from chorionic villus cells in two pregnancies at risk of ataxia telangiectasia, which is another genetic disorder showing the feature of radioresistant DNA synthesis. The present biochemical method for prenatal detection of Nijmegen breakage syndrome and ataxia telangiectasia can be used as a simplified alternative to the cytogenetic procedures reported earlier for ataxia telangiectasia.