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51.
A. Crarnes W. W. Cooper J. Harrald K. R. Karwan W. A. Wallace 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1976,3(4):347-362
A multidimensional “goal programming” model is developed to aid resource allocation decisions in the U. S. Coast Guard's Marine Environmental Protection (MEP) program. It is then extended to a model of “goal interval programming” (GIP ) type where exact values for the indicated goals, as in ordinary goal programming, are replaced by ranges. Deviations outside these ranges are also accommodated by piecewise linear functions with slopes that vary with distance from the goal intervals. Uses and generalizations are discussed in the context of applications to allocating manhours and planning the activities of the Coast Guard's MEP program. 相似文献
52.
Alan J Krupnick Wallace E Oates Eric Van De Verg 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1983,10(3):233-247
After examining the properties of several alternative forms of marketable permit systems for the control of air pollution, this paper proposes a system of pollution offsets as the most promising approach. Under the pollution-offset scheme, sources of emissions are free to trade emissions permits subject to the constraint of no violations of the predetermined air-quality standard at any receptor point. The paper shows that the pollution-offset system has the capacity to achieve the predetermined standards of air quality at the minimum aggregate abatement cost, while making comparatively modest demands both on the sources and on the administering agency. 相似文献
53.
Ott W Wallace L Mage D 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2000,50(8):1390-1406
This paper presents a new statistical model designed to extend our understanding from prior personal exposure field measurements of urban populations to other cities where ambient monitoring data, but no personal exposure measurements, exist. The model partitions personal exposure into two distinct components: ambient concentration and nonambient concentration. It is assumed the ambient and nonambient concentration components are uncorrelated and add together; therefore, the model is called a random component superposition (RCS) model. The 24-hr ambient outdoor concentration is multiplied by a dimensionless "attenuation factor" between 0 and 1 to account for deposition of particles as the ambient air infiltrates indoors. The RCS model is applied to field PM10 measurement data from three large-scale personal exposure field studies: THEES (Total Human Environmental Exposure Study) in Phillipsburg, NJ; PTEAM (Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology) in Riverside, CA; and the Ethyl Corporation study in Toronto, Canada. Because indoor sources and activities (smoking, cooking, cleaning, the personal cloud, etc.) may be similar in similar populations, it was hypothesized that the statistical distribution of nonambient personal exposure is invariant across cities. Using a fixed 24-hr attenuation factor as a first approximation derived from regression analysis for the respondents, the distributions of nonambient PM10 personal exposures were obtained for each city. Although the mean ambient PM10 concentrations in the three cities varied from 27.9 micrograms/m3 in Toronto to 60.9 micrograms/m3 in Phillipsburg to 94.1 micrograms/m3 in Riverside, the mean nonambient components of personal exposures were found to be closer: 52.6 micrograms/m3 in Toronto; 52.4 micrograms/m3 in Phillipsburg; and 59.2 micrograms/m3 in Riverside. The three frequency distributions of the nonambient components of exposure also were similar in shape, giving support to the hypothesis that nonambient concentrations are similar across different cities and populations. These results indicate that, if the ambient concentrations were completely controlled and set to zero in all three cities, the median of the remaining personal exposures to PM10 would range from 32.0 micrograms/m3 (Toronto) to 34.4 micrograms/m3 (Phillipsburg) to 48.8 micrograms/m3 (Riverside). The highest-exposed 30% of the population in the three cities would still be exposed to 24-hr average PM10 concentrations of 47-74 micrograms/m3; the highest 20% would be exposed to concentrations of 56-92 micrograms/m3; the highest 10% to concentrations of 88-131 micrograms/m3; and the highest 5% to 133-175 micrograms/m3, due only to indoor sources and activities. The distribution for the difference between personal exposures and indoor concentrations, or the "personal cloud," also was similar in the three cities, with a mean of 30-35 micrograms/m3, suggesting that the personal cloud accounts for more than half of the nonambient component of PM10 personal exposure in the three cities. Using only the ambient measurements in Toronto, the nonambient data from THEES in Phillipsburg was used to predict the entire personal exposure distribution in Toronto. The PM10 exposure distribution predicted by the model showed reasonable agreement with the PM10 personal exposure distribution measured in Toronto. These initial results suggest that the RCS model may be a powerful tool for predicting personal exposure distributions and statistics in other cities where only ambient particle data are available. 相似文献
54.
55.
Robert C. Carr Wallace B. Smith 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):694-699
This is the sixth and last part in a series of papers discussing the experience of electric utilities in applying baghouse technology for the collection of particulate matter at coal-fired electric power generating plants. The series presents new data obtained in research sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) on reverse-gas and shake/deflate cleaned baghouses, and specifically addresses a number of unresolved issues in the design and operation of these units. This paper discusses research, development and demonstration activities now underway or planned to further understand baghouse technology to ensure efficient, economic and reliable service in utility applications. In addition, it summarizes the major findings reported in Parts I through V. 相似文献
56.
K. Wallace R. Grover N. Westcott 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):605-621
Abstract An activated charcoal bed unit (ACBU) was constructed using teflon stock. The unit duplicated the flow and bed design of a commercially available tractor mounted filter for removing pesticides from the air. Eight pesticides (4 herbicides and 4 insecticides) were used to test the retention efficiency of ACBU over a 12–48 h period with the ACBU in place. Polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs in series trapped any residual pesticide that came through the ACBU. The ACBU retained 93–100% of the pesticides tested. The unit thus provides an efficient mechanism for removing airborne pesticides. 相似文献
57.
John Wallace 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):976-977
Abstract Emerging environmental control technologies are frequently characterized in terms of their removal efficiencies. Based on a limited number of tests, the environmental engineer must typically predict the true removal efficiency along with its level of uncertainty. This paper provides a “road map” (based on the number of non–detects, the underlying distribution of data, and whether data are paired or unpaired) for calculating such uncertainty. Both confidence intervals and hypothesis tests are considered. 相似文献
58.
Raina M. Miller Linda Schnabel Stitzer Janick F. Artiola Wallace H. Fuller 《Chemosphere》1992,24(12):1855-1866
Miscible-displacement experiments were conducted to compare the effects of aqueous soil solutions with ethyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol on the movement of metals through soils. Aqueous or alcohol solutions containing 1 mM each Cd, Ni, and Zn and 5 mM Ca were perfused through columns containing River Sand, Canelo loam (Canelo 1) or Mohave sandy clay loam (Mohave scl) until effluent metal concentrations (C) equaled influent concentrations (C0) or CC0−1 = 1. In general, the order of sorption was Zn > Ni > Cd in aqueous-perfused columns, while in alcohol-perfused columns sorption of Ni Cd ≥ Zn. In comparison to aqueous solutions, alcohols reduced total metal sorption by at least 25%. Metal sorption was best correlated to cation exchange capacity of the soil, sorption of metals being greatest in the Mohave scl and least in the River Sand. After CC0−1 = 1 was reached, columns were leached with deionized water. While leaching did not affect the sorption of metals in columns which had been perfused with aqueous solvents, sorption behavior of metals changed significantly in columns which had been perfused with alcohol solvents. Leaching caused desorption of 5 to 30% of the sorbed Ni. In general, Cd was desorbed (up to 45%) from the soils tested. The exceptions were River Sand columns perfused with diethylene and triethylene glycol in which additional Cd was sorbed to the soil from the soil solution. Additional Zn was sorbed in all columns tested with the exception of the Canelo 1 column perfused with ethyl alcohol. 相似文献
59.
Cerumen, or propolis, is a mixture of plant resins enriched with bee secretions. In Australia, stingless bees are important
pollinators that use cerumen for nest construction and possibly for colony’s health. While extensive research attests to the
therapeutic properties of honeybee (Apis mellifera) propolis, the biological and medicinal properties of Australian stingless bee cerumen are largely unknown. In this study,
the chemical and biological properties of polar extracts of cerumen from Tetragonula carbonaria in South East Queensland, Australia were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and in
vitro 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) cell-free assays. Extracts were tested against comparative (commercial tincture of A. mellifera propolis) and positive controls (Trolox and gallic acid). Distinct GC-MS fingerprints of a mixed diterpenic profile typical
of native bee cerumen were obtained with pimaric acid (6.31 ± 0.97%, w/w), isopimaric acid (12.23 ± 3.03%, w/w), and gallic
acid (5.79 ± 0.81%, w/w) tentatively identified as useful chemical markers. Characteristic flavonoids and prenylated phenolics
found in honeybee propolis were absent. Cerumen extracts from T. carbonaria inhibited activity of 5-LOX, an enzyme known to catalyse production of proinflammatory mediators (IC50 19.97 ± 2.67 μg/ml, mean ± SEM, n = 4). Extracts had similar potency to Trolox (IC50 12.78 ± 1.82 μg/ml), but were less potent than honeybee propolis (IC50 5.90 ± 0.62 μg/ml) or gallic acid (IC50 5.62 ± 0.35 μg/ml, P < 0.001). These findings warrant further investigation of the ecological and medicinal properties of this stingless bee cerumen,
which may herald a commercial potential for the Australian beekeeping industry. 相似文献
60.