The concentrations, distribution and sources of PAHs in agricultural soils and vegetables from Shunde, Guangdong, China

The concentrations, distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in 30 agricultural soil and 16 vegetable samples collected from subtropical Shunde area, an important manufacturing center in China. The total PAHs ranged from 33.7 to 350 μg/kg in soils, and 82 to 1,258 μg/kg in vegetables. The most abundant individual PAHs are phenanthrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene for soil samples, and anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and chrysene for vegetable samples. Average vegetable–soil ratios of total PAHs were 2.20 for leafy vegetables and 1.27 for fruity vegetables. Total PAHs in vegetable samples are not significantly correlated to those in corresponding soil samples. Principal component analyses were conducted to distinguish samples on basis of their distribution in each town, soil type and vegetable specie. Relatively abundant soil PAHs were found in town Jun’an, Beijiao, Chencun, Lecong and Ronggui, while abundant vegetable PAHs were observed in town Jun’an, Lecong, Xingtan, Daliang and Chenchun. The highest level of total PAHs were found in vegetable soil, followed by pond sediment and “stacked soil” on pond banks. The PAHs contents in leafy vegetables are higher than those in fruity vegetables. Some PAH compound ratios suggest the PAHs derived from incomplete combustion of petroleum, coal and refuse from power generation and ceramic manufacturing, and paint spraying on furniture, as well as sewage irrigation from textile industries. Soil PAHs contents have significant logarithmic correlation with total organic carbon, which demonstrates the importance of soil organic matter as sorbent to prevent losses of PAHs.     

代森锰锌在柑橘橘肉、橘皮及土壤中的残留分析

确立了柑橘橘肉、橘皮及土壤中代森锰锌残留量的气相色谱分析方法,采用反应后恒温处理以及代森锰锌工作曲线法进行测定并计算,消除了由于CS2-代森锰锌的质量转换系数不确定所带来的困难.结果表明,柑橘样品中代森锰锌平均回收率为86.46%～95.82%,变异系数为1.04%～7.69%,最小检出量为1.8×1010g,最低检测浓度为0.025mg/kg.     

Comparison of vehicle activity and emission inventory between Beijing and Shanghai

Vehicle emission inventory is a critical element for air quality study. This study created systemic methods to establish a vehicle emission inventory in Chinese cities. The methods were used to obtain credible results of vehicle activity in Beijing and Shanghai. On the basis of the vehicle activity data, the International Vehicle Emission model is used to establish vehicle emission inventories. The emissions analysis indicates that 3 t of particulate matter (PM), 199 t of nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), 192 t of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 2403 t of carbon monoxide (CO) are emitted from on-road vehicles each day in Beijing, whereas 4 t of PM, 189 t of NO(x), 113 t of VOCs, and 1009 t of CO are emitted in Shanghai. Although common features were found in these two cities (many new passenger cars and a high taxi proportion in the fleet), the emission results are dissimilar because of the different local policy regarding vehicles. The method to quantify vehicle emission on an urban scale can be applied to other Chinese cities. Also, knowing how different policies can lead to diverse emissions is beneficial knowledge for other city governments.     

定量风险评价中装置的选取方法与应用

介绍了一种对化工厂单元内所有装置进行定量化评估危险大小的方法,给出了对其中较大危险装置进行定量风险评价的选取标准.该选取方法同时考虑装置自身的危险特性和装置对单元周边区域的危险影响大小,采用计算公式得出每个装置的选择指数,根据指数大小判断是否选取该装置进行定量风险评价.最后,依照该方法对现有一个有5个装置的单元进行了选取分析与计算,得到了需要进行QRA的3个装置,结论与实际情况相符,表明该方法具有准确性和实用性.     

Global fallout Pu recorded in lacustrine sediments in Lake Hongfeng, SW China

Studies on the distribution and isotope compositions of fallout Pu are important for source characterization of possible future non-fallout Pu contamination in aquatic environments, and useful for dating of recent sediments to understand the pollution history of environmental contaminants. We present the historical record of atmospheric Pu fallout reconstructed from a sediment core from Lake Hongfeng, China. The Pu activity profile was in agreement with the 137Cs profile. Inventories were 50.7 Bq m(-2) for 239+240Pu and 1586 Bq m(-2) for 137Cs. The average 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio was 0.185+/-0.009, indicating that Pu originated from global stratospheric fallout rather than from direct tropospheric or close-in fallout from the Chinese nuclear testing conducted in the 1970s. Our data suggested that Lake Hongfeng would be an ideal setting for monitoring atmospheric fallout and environmental changes in this region.     

污泥龄对LSP & PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效能的影响

通过研究分析污泥龄(SRT)对富磷污水除磷的LSP&PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效果的影响,结果发现,延长污泥龄有利于提高系统的厌氧释磷能力,但不影响其总的除磷率,同时磷的回收比例增大,当SRT=50 d时,磷回收率取得最大值70.4%;LSP&PNR系统污泥龄增加,还有利于污泥产率的降低.试验还发现,排富磷污水除磷的长污泥龄LSP&PNR系统的除磷效率与污泥产率之间不存在制约关系,即系统可以同时获得优异的污泥减量与生物除磷效果,当SRT=50 d时,每降解1 kg COD仅产生0.143 kg污泥,而除磷率达最高值92.8%;LSP&PNR系统中SRT、DO与SVI之间存在一定的相关性,在供氧充足(DO=0.8～1.5 mg/L)条件下,SRT增加,SVI越高,但对于SRT为50 d的LSP&PNR系统,稳定运行时没有污泥膨胀之虞.     

高密度电阻率法延时性勘探在地质灾害监控预警中的应用

将高密度电阻率法延时性技术应用于地质灾害（堤坝渗漏及岩土体稳定性）监控与预警中是一种创新。结果表明,高密度电阻率法的延时性勘探能有效地划分可能发生地质灾害的地段及位置;同时,还能为灾害治理提供区域性和地下结构方面的基础资料。     

劳动力外出务工对承灾体恢复力的影响——以河北省邢台县旱灾调查为例

农村劳动力资源是构成农户承灾体恢复力的重要因素.一般认为农村劳动力外出务工,可以提高农户家庭的经济水平,进而提升农户的旱灾恢复力.通过对河北省邢台县的实地调查研究发现,劳动力外出务工与农户承灾体恢复力间存在着微妙的关系.研究表明,户主外出务工模式不仅在农业生产的灾后恢复上,而且在农户家庭经济的恢复上均有积极的意义.对于子女外出务工家庭而言,子女不愿意再从事农业生产,并且子女的务工收入对家庭的贡献十分有限,即子女外出务工对家庭旱灾恢复力影响较小.     

滑坡勘查中的高密度电阻率法异常特征

以某滑坡区为例,使用高密度电阻率法对滑坡区的异常特征进行了研究,并对获取的视电阻率断面进行了地形校正.结果表明,对于沉积岩地区滑坡,滑坡体与滑床间存在明显的电性差异,根据经过地形改正的滑坡区视电阻率异常特征和断面,更清晰和直观显示了滑坡体的纵横向展布、主滑动面的位置与埋深,进而可圈定滑坡体的规模,从而为滑坡治理提供可靠的地球物理依据.     

基于遥感的新疆北疆积雪盖度及雪深监测

新疆北疆为雪灾多发区,准确地监测积雪分布及雪深具有十分重要的意义,可为雪灾多发区在冬季做好防灾减灾工作提供依据.目前MODIS数据主要运用归一化差分雪盖指数(NDSI)对积雪进行提取.NDSI是基于雪对可见光与近红外波段的反射特性和反射差相对大小的一种测量方法,然而它只能将像元辨别为积雪或非积雪,满足不了高精度的流域制图及雪盖提取要求.以新疆北疆为研究对象,应用MODIS数据和线性光谱混合模型提取像元内积雪所占比例(积雪盖度),并与NDSI建立关系,讨论了NDSI是否可以作为估算积雪盖度的标准,进而提高NDSI在积雪监测中的应用精度.结果表明,二者具有较好的线性关系,经过野外实测点的验证,25个点的平均绝对误差是0.06.此外,以MODIS数据与地面实测雪深资料为基础,通过分析和研究MODIS窗区通道的光谱特点,探讨了适合于积雪雪深监测最佳的MODIS通道,初步建立起应用MODIS资料监测北疆地区积雪深度的反演模型.