四湖地区水资源及其调控

四湖地区是湖北省有名的“水袋子”,治水是关系社会经济发展的重大问题。该区降水丰沛,年均１１１５．３ｍｍ,产生径流深３４３．８ｍｍ;过境客水流量大,年均５０８８×１０８１ｍ３;总体水资源丰富。由于降水的时空分布不匀,客水流量不稳定,常造成来水集中而形成洪涝灾害,来水不足而形成干旱威胁,尤其是春旱。建国以来,为兴利去害,四湖地区经历了隔断江湖、疏理水系、建立引水与自排系统、以及修建电排站等以防洪、排涝和灌溉为主要目的大规模水系整治过程,有效地控制了流域水患。但同时促进了过度的围湖围垸垦殖,使调蓄能力锐减,外洪内涝不断,所造成的经济损失也越来越大。在进一步分析了四湖地区洪涝灾害频繁发生的内外原因之后,提出了加固堤防,完善分蓄洪区建设;调整土地利用结构,合理调蓄;完善设施,合理调度的水资源调控对策措施。     

我国沿海地区水污染区域治理探讨

本文分析了我国当前水污染区域治理的难度，沿海地区水污染的主要问题，探讨了污染区域治理的基本原则，提出了水污染治理的重点区域和水污染区域治理的主要途径，并以浑河流域沈阳地区２０００年水污染物总量控制为例，概述总量控制方法和目标     

17α-甲基睾酮对稀有鮈鲫肝脏脂质代谢的影响

环境内分泌干扰物对环境影响十分严重,绝大部分进入水环境,危害水生生物健康,进而影响人类健康.17α-甲基睾酮(17α-methyltestosterone,MT)是一种常见的环境雄激素,但在鱼体内的作用机制尚不明确.为了探究MT对鱼类肝脏脂质代谢的影响,采用不同浓度的MT(0、25、50和100 ng·L-1)处理86...     

基于实测的超低排放燃煤电厂砷、硒、铅迁移与排放特性

选择煤粉炉（PC）和循环流化床（CFB）超低排放燃煤电厂开展实测研究,同步采集烟气净化装置（APCDs）前后烟气样品进行分析;并同时采集分析入炉煤、飞灰、底渣、省煤器（LTE）灰、脱硫浆液和湿式电除尘器（WESP）废水等样品,以揭示砷（As）、硒（Se）和铅（Pb）迁移与排放特性。结果表明：两家电厂APCDs对烟气中As、Se和Pb的总协同脱除率达到96%,净烟气中污染物浓度低,分别为0.13~0.49、1.05~2.15和0.86~3.19 μg/m³;不同APCDs的协同脱除率存在较大差异,其中布袋除尘器（FF）最高（99.56%~99.74%）,静电除尘器（ESP）次之（85.61%~98.44%）,湿法烟气脱硫（WFGD）的脱除率波动较大,WESP脱除率为11.61%~55.08%。燃煤中As、Se和Pb大部分迁移到飞灰中,占比为74.38%~95.24%;CFB底渣占比为3.51%~24.08%;LTE灰占比为5.85%~12.11%;脱硫浆液中均低于6%;WESP废水和出口烟气中占比最低,分别为0.68%和0.62%。相对于煤粉炉,循环流化床电厂底渣中As和Pb富集性更高;而对于Se,则燃烧方式无明显影响,但其在净烟气中占比高于As和Pb。

     

环境影响评价中公众参与的机制与有效性

公众参与是环境影响评价中的重要内容。从公众参与的定义、目标和作用入手，就环境影响评价中公众参与的作用机制及其有效性进行探讨，认为：广泛的公众代表性、有效的公众参与形式以及公众意见的如实反映和客观分析，都是增进环境影响评价中公众参与的机制有效性的重要因素。     

农村发展中水污染成因调查研究——以江苏省为例

在中国农村发展过程中,水环境污染已严重制约了当前农村经济的健康持续发展,探究农村地区水污染的成因,寻求解决污染的对策已十分迫切。本文在对江苏省农村水环境污染现状进行调查的基础上,运用AHP层次分析法分析现阶段江苏农村发展过程中水污染的形成机理,包括经济发展因素、社会公众因素、政策法规因素,并提出相关结论与建议。     

一种基于蚯蚓学习行为的神经毒性实验方法研究

土壤生物的学习行为是一种综合性的神经高级活动,对土壤中的神经毒性污染物生态风险监测具有重要价值.本研究设计了一套试验装置,基于蚯蚓对白光刺激的厌恶本性,通过振动-白光配对刺激,对蚯蚓进行学习训练,使蚯蚓领会借助加速移动阻止白光刺激的策略,通过蚯蚓到达移动位移阈值的时间测定,对蚯蚓的学习行为进行测试,建立了蚯蚓的学习行为...     

污染土壤电动修复增强方法研究进展

污染土壤电动修复是一项新兴绿色原位修复技术。其原理是在土壤上施加直流电场 ,利用电迁移和电渗去除污染物 ,土壤pH、Zeta电位以及土壤化学性质等因素影响电动修复效果。为了提高修复效率和扩大电动修复应用范围 ,现在已经发展了针对不同类型土壤和污染物的增强修复技术。本文归纳总结了 1995年以来土壤电动修复中常用增强处理效果的 8种方法 ,即酸碱中和法、阳离子选择膜法、电渗析法、络合剂法、表面活性剂法、氧化 还原法、EK 生物联用和LasagnaTM法 ,且对每种方法的典型实验装置、增强原理、方法特点和适用范围等进行了分析和讨论 ,为以后的实验设计提供了有益的参考     

Zinc tolerance and accumulation in Pteris vittata L. and its potential for phytoremediation of Zn- and As-contaminated soil

A field investigation and pot experiments were conducted to determine the potential of arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator, Pteris vittata L., to remediate sites co-contaminated with zinc (Zn) and As. We found that P. vittata L. had a very high tolerance to Zn and grew normally at sites with high Zn concentrations. In addition, P. vittata L. could effectively take up Zn into its fronds, with a maximum of 737 mg kg(-1) under field conditions. In pot experiments, the accumulated Zn concentration increased significantly as the Zn treatment was raised from 0 to 2000 mg kg(-1), with a maximum Zn accumulation of 0.22 mg pot(-1). Although the concentration of As in P. vittata L. was reduced by the addition of Zn, total frond accumulation of As was elevated when the Zn treatment was increased from 0 to 1000 mg kg(-1), with a maximum As accumulation of 8.3 mg pot(-1) in the presence of 1000 mg kg(-1) Zn. The high Zn tolerance, relatively high ability to accumulate Zn, and great capacity to accumulate As under conditions of suppression by high Zn suggest that P. vittata L. could be useful for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with Zn and As.     

Effects of EDTA on solubility of cadmium, zinc, and lead and their uptake by rainbow pink and vetiver grass

Rainbow pink (Dianthus chinensis), a potential phytoextraction plant, can accumulate high concentrations of Cd from contaminated soils. Vetiver grass (Vetiver zizanioides) has strong and long root tissues and is a potential phytostabilization plant since it can tolerate and grow well in soils contaminated with multiple heavy metals. Soil was moderately artificially contaminated by cadmium (20 mg/kg), zinc (500 mg/kg), and lead (1000 mg/kg) in pot experiments. Three concentrations of Na2-EDTA solution (0, 5, and 10 mmol/kg soil) were added to the contaminated soils to study the influence of EDTA solution on phytoextraction by rainbow pink or phytostabilization by vetiver grass. The results showed that the concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Pb in a soil solution of rainbow pink significantly increased following the addition of EDTA (p < 0.05). The concentrations of Cd and Pb in the shoots of rainbow pink also significantly increased after EDTA solution was applied (p < 0.05), but the increase for Zn was insignificant. EDTA treatment significantly increased the total uptake of Pb in the shoot, over that obtained with the control treatment (p < 0.001), but it did not significantly increase the total uptake of Cd and Zn. The concentrations of Zn and Pb in the shoots of rainbow pink are significantly correlated with those in the soil solution, but no relationship exists with concentrations in vetiver grass. The toxicity of highly contaminating metals did not affect the growth of vetiver grass, which was found to grow very well in this study. Results of this study indicate that rainbow pink can be considered to be a potential phytoextraction plant for removing Cd or Zn from metal-contaminated soils, and that vetiver grass can be regarded as a potential phytostabilization plant that can be grown in a site contaminated with multiple heavy metals.