有机物的结构──活性定量关系及其在环境化学和环境毒理学中的应用

有机物的结构──活性定量关系及其在环境化学和环境毒理学中的应用王飞越（北京大学城市与环境学系，北京１００８７１）陈雁飞（武汉大学环境科学系）最近几十年来，有机物结构──活性定量关系研究（ＱＳＡＲ，ＱｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ－Ａｃｔｉｖ...     

臭氧氧化污泥的试验研究

采用接触反应柱对污泥臭氧氧化过程中污泥性质的变化进行了研究。结果表明,在相同臭氧投量下,低浓度臭氧分解污泥的效率较高;在臭氧投量为0．1gO3／gss、臭氧浓度为16．8mg／L时,臭氧化使污泥溶液中的溶解性TOC从114．9mg／L增加到803．7mg／L;臭氧氧化后溶解性IC(无机碳)从2．63mg／L减少到1．02mg／L;臭氧氧化显著提高了污泥沉淀性能,氧化后污泥的SV和SVI相当于氧化前28．9％和58％。臭氧氧化使污泥的pH从初始的7．13降低到投量增加到0．44gO3／gss时的4．40。污泥臭氧化的最佳投量点为0．1gO3／gSS。     

含锂活化沸石-载银活性炭-Cu-Zn合金串联装置水处理效果研究

通过对含锂活化沸石、载银活性碳、Cu-Zn合金及超滤膜的联合使用,有效去除细菌及铜、铬、铅、银等重金属离子,降低了饮用水硬度、余氯量,并能抑制亚硝酸根离子的生成;运用该套装置,在去除污染物的同时,又向水中引入对人体有益的微量锂离子、锌离子,使之成为优质的饮用水。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对亚铁离子的氧化及其动力学研究

采用9K培养基研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化Fe^2＋过程中,pH和氧化还原电位的变化规律,并对Fe^2＋的氧化过程进行动力学分析,确定了其反应级数及反应速率常数。结果表明,（1）在温度为30℃,摇床转速为150r／min的条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的最佳接种量为10．0％;（2）Fe^2＋初始质量浓度在11．39～21．72g／L时,随着浓度的增大,Fe^2＋达到100％转化率需要的时间增加;（3）氧化亚铁硫杆菌对Fe^2＋的氧化可近似看作一级反应,反应速率常数为0．0527～0．0788h。     

选煤脱除氟、砷的研究

研究了采自西南3省、1市17个选煤厂的原煤和洗精煤样品,分析了灰分、氟和砷含量,探讨了选煤脱除氟、砷的机理和影响因素。结果表明,选煤能有效降低煤中氟、砷的含量,应用前景广阔。     

次氯酸钠处理终冷水中氰化物硫化物的研究

以次氯酸钠为氧化剂,用正交实验研究了次氯酸钠处理终冷水中氰化物和硫化物,得出正交实验中各因素的主次关系及对除氰除硫的影响。研究结果表明,反应体系的pH是影响脱氰脱硫的重要因素。在最佳处理条件,即pH为10．0,反应温度为25℃,投氯量系数为1．4,反应时间为45min．能使氰化物的质量浓度降至0．267mg／L,脱氰率高达99．8％,硫化物的质量浓度降到0．387mg／L,脱硫率达92．0％,达到≤0．5mg／L的国家排放标准。文章还对工业化提出了一些设想。     

中国居民及动植物的环境激素暴露研究现状和建议

环境激素污染严重威胁着人类及动植物的健康。综述了EDCs生物危害,简要介绍了美国、日本和欧盟的EDCs研究工作,分析了中国居民和动植物的EDCs暴露现状,归纳了现有的流行病学调查信息,并针对现状提出了建议。     

Quasi-dynamic leaching characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from raw and solidified waste incineration residues

Quasi-dynamic leaching characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from raw and solidified air pollution control (APC) residues were examined via a nine-time multiple leaching test. The effect of injected activated carbon in the APC residues on the PCDD/F leachability was also evaluated. When humic acid solution was used as a leachant, the leaching concentrations of PCDD/Fs fluctuated between the first and the fifth leaching, followed by a gradual increase and then suddenly reached maximum values at the leaching sequences around seventh and eighth. This significant enhancement in PCDD/F leachability was mainly due to an increase in the release of highly chlorinated PCDD/Fs. Leaching of PCDD/Fs with n-hexane was, in contrast, primarily caused by the partitioning of hydrophobic PCDD/Fs between the APC residue surface and the liquid phase of n-hexane. Consequently, the largest leaching concentrations for n-hexane tests achieved at the first leaching, followed by a decrease and reached plateaus. Solidification/stabilization (S/S) decreased the PCDD/F leachability up to the fifth leaching by the use of humic acid solution. However, S/S increased the PCDD/F leaching concentrations and rates with n-hexane. The activated carbon in APC residues significantly inhibited the release of PCDD/F with n-hexane. The inhibiting effect provided by activated carbon was, however, less significant by the use of humic acid solution.     

采掘诱发地震的成因及对策

根据煤或岩体的赋存特征及采动后的受力特点，将采矿及掘进等工程进行过程中诱发的地震灾害分为三类，即完整煤岩体受压应力作用的失稳、顶底板受拉应力型地震及断层走滑受剪型诱发地震。文章在分别分析其成因的基础上，研究了采矿诱发三种类型地震的发生条件，提出了防治发生诱发地震的对策。     

The ecological implications of land use change in the Source Regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, China

The alpine ecosystems in permafrost regions are extremely sensitive to climate change. The headwater regions of Yangtze River and Yellow River of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are on the permafrost area. Aerial photos of the Source Regions of the Yangtze and Yellow River taken in 1968 and three phases of TM images acquired from 1986, 2000, and 2008 were used to analyze the spatial alterations of the land cover and corresponding effects on the environment guided by landscape ecology theory. Firstly, land cover types were divided into three classes and 11 subclasses. Analysis results revealed the trends and magnitude of the eco-environmental changes in the regions over the past four decades and showed a continuous degradation of grasslands and the extension of desertification and salinization. Secondly, five landscape pattern indices (i.e., NP, MPS, PR, SHEI, CONTAG) commonly used in landscape ecological studies were calculated, and results showed that this region had become more centralized and diversified. Finally, the factors causing the degradation of alpine grasslands were analyzed. The regional climate exhibited a tendency toward significant warming and desiccation with the air temperature increased by 0.03 °C per year and relative stable precipitation over the last 40 years. And the temperature of permafrost in 0–20 cm soil layer obviously raised by 0.2–0.3 °C in the last 40 years. The combined effects of climate warming and permafrost variation were the major drivers for the changes of landscape in alpine ecosystems.