哈尔滨近地面O3浓度特征

伴随着经济发展和城镇化进程的加速,很多城市的臭氧浓度存在超标问题.本文选取2014—2017年哈尔滨城区污染数据及气象要素数据,对哈尔滨近地面层O_3时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关系进行了分析,结果表明:哈尔滨O_3日内单峰分布,最高值出现在下午14:00,最低值在清晨7:00.空间分布东南部最高,其次是南部,城中区较低.日间周末的近地面O_3浓度较高,而夜间工作日的O_3浓度较高.哈尔滨O_3浓度与平均气温正相关,与相对湿度负相关,与低于37 W·m~(-2)的紫外辐射正相关.     

亚慢性氟暴露致小鼠海马损伤的影响及分子机制研究

为探明亚慢性氟中毒致小鼠海马损伤及分子机制,选用ICR雄性小鼠140只,随机分为对照(C)、低氟(LF)、高氟(HF)、低氟(LF)+L钙离子通道激动剂(FPL)、低氟(LF)+L钙离子通道抑制剂(NIF)、高氟(HF)+激动剂(FPL)、高氟(HF)+抑制剂(NIF) 7组,分别饮用自来水、5、30 mg·L~(-1)氟化钠水溶液90 d,氟染毒第84 d分别腹腔注射生理盐水、FPL64176、Nifedipine7d.同时,采用开场行为及水迷宫检测学习记忆能力;通过HE切片染色观察海马形态结构;根据试剂盒说明检测脑组织谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量;利用RT-PCR和Western Blot法分别检测海马内凋亡相关分子CaMKⅡ和Bax、Bcl-2基因/蛋白表达.结果发现,HF组、LF+FPL组和HF+FPL组小鼠毛发粗糙,暴躁不安.LF、HF组小鼠自发活动、探究行为及空间学习记忆力显著下降(p0.05),海马细胞损伤,SOD、GSH-PX活性极显著下降(p0.01),CaMKⅡ基因/蛋白表达水平显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)上调,Bax基因/蛋白表达水平显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)上调,Bcl-2基因/蛋白表达水平显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)下调,Bax与Bcl-2基因/蛋白表达水平比值显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)上调;LF+FPL、HF+FPL处理加剧了上述基因/蛋白表达水平,LF+NIF、HF+NIF组可逆转上述基因/蛋白表达水平.结果提示,氟中毒致脑损伤与L型钙离子通道及下游相关分子表达异常密切相关,而L钙离子通道抑制剂(Nifedipine)能改善氟暴露造成的海马损伤.     

互花米草入侵对长江口湿地土壤碳动态的影响

为了评价互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地土壤碳动态的影响,利用配对的试验设计在长江口崇明东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条入侵种互花米草与土著种的配对样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江口湿地的植物碳库、土壤微生物碳、土壤总碳库和有机碳库,而对占土壤总碳库60%以上的无机碳库无显著影响,意味着互花米草入侵导致的土壤总碳库改变主要是通过增加土壤有机碳库来实现的.高潮滩互花米草和芦苇群落的年均土壤呼吸强度分别为（210.02±4.90）,（157.79±6.39）mg/（m²·h）;低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均土壤CO₂排放速率分别为（157.41±5.27）,（110.90±5.16）mg/（m²·h）,表明互花米草入侵显著增加长江口湿地的土壤呼吸.上述结果意味着互花米草入侵同时增加土壤碳输入和碳输出,但入侵也显著增加了土壤碳库表明入侵增加的土壤碳输入显著高于增加的土壤碳输出.本研究表明互花米草入侵可能会增强了长江河口湿地的土壤碳汇强度和固碳能力.但仍然需要长期系统的监测研究,以便全面定量评估互花米草入侵我国滨海湿地的综合生态影响.     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

The effects of autophagy on vascular endothelial cells induced by airborne PM2.5

The purpose of this study was to examine the direct toxicity of PM2.5 collected from Beijing on human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC). A Cell Counting Kit 8(CCK8) assay demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure decreased the proliferation of HUVECs in a dosedependent manner. We also found that PM2.5 exposure induced autophagy in HUVECs, as evidenced by:(1) an increased number of double-membrane vesicles;(2) enhanced conversion and punctuation of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3); and(3) decreased levels of the selective autophagy substrate p62 in a time-dependent manner.Furthermore, promoting autophagy in PM2.5-exposed HUVECs with rapamycin increased the cell survival rate, whereas inhibiting autophagy via 3-methyladenine significantly decreased cell survival. These results demonstrate that PM2.5 exposure can induce cytotoxicity and autophagy in HUVECs and that autophagy play a protective role against PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity. The findings of the present study imply a direct toxic effect of PM2.5 on HUVECs and provide novel insight into the mechanism of cardiovascular diseases caused by PM2.5 exposure.     

Effect of TiO2 nanoparticle aggregation on marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana

TiO_2 nanoparticles(NPs) could adversely impact aquatic ecosystems. However, the aggregation of these NPs could attenuate this effect. In this work, the biological effects of TiO_2 NPs on a marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana were investigated. The aggregation kinetics of TiO_2 NPs under different conditions was also investigated to determine and understand these effects. Results showed that, though TiO_2 NPs had no obvious impact on the size and reproducibility of algal cells under testing conditions, they caused a negative effect on algal chlorophyll, which led to a reduction in photosynthesis. Furthermore, fast aggregation of TiO_2 NPs occurred under all conditions, especially at the pH close to the p Hzpc. Increasing ionic strength and NP concentration also enhanced the aggregation rate.The aggregation and the following sedimentation of TiO_2 NPs reduced their adverse effects on I. galbana.     

Mercury flows in large-scale gold production and implications for Hg pollution control

Large-scale gold production(LSGP) is one of the five convention-related atmospheric mercury(Hg) emission sources in the Minamata Convention on Mercury. However, field experiments on Hg flows of the whole process of LSGP are limited. To identify the atmospheric Hg emission points and understand Hg emission characteristics of LSGP, Hg flows in two gold smelters were studied. Overall atmospheric Hg emissions accounted for 10%–17% of total Hg outputs and the Hg emission factors for all processes were 7.6–9.6 kg/ton. There were three dominant atmospheric Hg emission points in the studied gold smelters, including the exhaust gas of the roasting process, exhaust gas from the environmental fog collection stack and exhaust gas from the converter of the refining process. Atmospheric Hg emissions from the roasting process only accounted for 16%–29% of total emissions and the rest were emitted from the refining process. The overall Hg speciation profile(gaseous elemental Hg/gaseous oxidized Hg/particulate-bound Hg) for LSGP was 34.1/57.1/8.8. The dominant Hg output byproducts included waste acid, sulfuric acid and cyanide leaching residue. Total Hg outputs from these three byproducts were 80% in smelter A and 84% in smelter B. Our study indicated that previous atmospheric Hg emissions from large-scale gold production might have been overestimated.Hg emission control in LSGP is not especially urgent in China compared to other significant emission sources(e.g., cement plants). Instead, LSGP is a potential Hg release source due to the high Hg output proportions to acid and sludge.     

Relationship between physicochemical properties and dewaterability of hydrothermal sludge derived from different source

Sewage sludge (SS) and deinking sludge (DS) were used to comparatively study the hydrothermal dewatering of sludge with different components. For a better overview, an insight into the relationship between physicochemical properties and dewaterability of hydrothermal sludge was provided. Results found that not all kinds of sludge were suitably conditioned by hydrothermal treatment (HT) in term of the elevation of dewaterability. Higher hydrothermal temperature tended to enhance the dewaterability of SS rather than DS, which was supported by the variation of their physicochemical properties (including water distribution, bonding energy, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), particles size, acid functional groups and zeta potential in this study). In addition, the changes in surface morphology suggested that the reverse effect of HT on sludge dewaterability was mainly due to their dewatering behavior. For SS, the destruction of EPS structure leaded to the release of bound water, thereby strengthening sludge dewatering. Conversely, “Bridging effect” generated by lignocellulose in DS was beneficial for sludge dewatering; however, the increasing hydrothermal temperature degraded part of lignocellulose and weakened “bridging effect”, finally resulting in worse dewaterability of DS.     

Effects of Na+ on Cu/SAPO-34 for ammonia selective catalytic reduction

Copper-exchanged chabazite (Cu/CHA) catalysts have been found to be affected by alkali metal and alkaline earth ions. However, the effects of Na⁺ ions on Cu/SAPO-34 for ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) are still unclear. In order to investigate the mechanism, five samples with various Na contents were synthesized and characterized. It was observed that the introduced Na⁺ ion-exchanges with H⁺ and Cu^2 + of Cu/SAPO-34. The exchange of H⁺ is easier than that of isolated Cu^2 +. The exchanged Cu^2 + ions aggregate and form “CuAl₂O₄-like” species. The NH₃-SCR activity of Cu/SAPO-34 decreases with increasing Na content, and the loss of isolated Cu^2 + and acid sites is responsible for the activity loss.     

Seasonal variation and size distribution of biogenic secondary organic aerosols at urban and continental background sites of China

Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols(BSOA) derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau(a continental background site) and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations(R2= 0.44–0.90) between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites,suggesting that anthropogenic pollution(i.e., sulfate) could enhance SOA formation,because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode( 3.3 μm) except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse( 3.3 μm) modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.