Characteristics of particulate matter emissions from toy cars with electric motors

Aerosol emissions from toy cars with electric motors were characterized. Particle emission rates from the toy cars, as high as 7.47 × 10⁷ particles/s, were measured. This emission rate is lower than other indoor sources such as smoking and cooking. The particles emitted from toy cars are generated from spark discharges inside the electric motors that power the toy cars. Size distribution measurements indicated that most particles were below 100 nm in diameter. Copper was the dominant inorganic species in these particles. By deploying aerosol mass spectrometers, high concentrations of particulate organic matter were also detected and characterized in detail. Several organic compounds were identified using a thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography. The mass size distribution of particulate organic matter was bimodal. The formation mechanism of particulate organic matter from toy cars was elucidated.

Implications:?A possible new source of indoor air pollution, particles from electric motors in toy cars, was identified. This study characterized aerosol emissions from toy cars in detail. Most of these particles have a diameter less than 100 nm. Copper and some organics are the major components of these particles. Conditions that minimize these emissions were determined.     

Multiple-year black carbon measurements and source apportionment using Delta-C in Rochester,New York

Black carbon (BC), an important component of the atmospheric aerosol, has climatic, environmental, and human health significance. In this study, BC was continuously measured using a two-wavelength aethalometer (370 nm and 880 nm) in Rochester, New York, from January 2007 to December 2010. The monitoring site is adjacent to two major urban highways (I-490 and I-590), where 14% to 21% of the total traffic was heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The annual average BC concentrations were 0.76 μg/m³, 0.67 μg/m³, 0.60 μg/m³, and 0.52 μg/m³ in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling was performed using PM_2.5 elements, sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC) data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) speciation network and Delta-C (UVBC_370nm – BC_880nm) data. Delta-C has been previously shown to be a tracer of wood combustion factor. It was used as an input variable in source apportionment models for the first time in this study and was found to play an important role in separating traffic (especially diesel) emissions from wood combustion emissions. The result showed the annual average PM_2.5 concentrations apportioned to diesel emissions in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010 were 1.34 μg/m³, 1.25 μg/m³, 1.13 μg/m³, and 0.97 μg/m³, respectively. The BC conditional probability function (CPF) plots show a large contribution from the highway diesel traffic to elevated BC concentrations. The measurements and modeling results suggest an impact of the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2007 Heavy-Duty Highway Rule on the decrease of BC and PM_2.5 concentrations during the study period.

Implications: This study suggests that there was an observable impact of the U.S EPA 2007 Heavy-Duty Highway Rule on the ambient black carbon concentrations in Rochester, New York. Aethalometer Delta-C was used as an input variable in source apportionment models and it allowed the separation of traffic (especially diesel) emissions from wood combustion emissions.     

可旋转径向式微粒捕集器消声特性影响因素灰色关联分析

为降低可旋转径向式微粒捕集器中的排气噪声,采用有限元法建立可旋转径向式微粒捕集器声学特性模型,分析得到了其消声特性和传递损失曲线,并采用灰色关联分析方法研究可旋转径向式微粒捕集器结构参数对消声特性的影响程度。结果表明,可旋转径向式微粒捕集器具有降噪能力,且对高频噪声消声效果明显好于低频噪声,平均消声量为20 dB左右;直径比和扩张管锥角是影响可旋转径向式微粒捕集器消声特性的2个主要因素,适当选用小的直径比和扩张管锥角,有利于提高可旋转径向式微粒捕集器的消声性能。     

油田水反硝化技术抑制硫酸还原菌

利用反硝化技术对江苏油田5个联合站的采出水,进行了添加不同抑制剂的浓度、种类、不同配比和接种DNB菌对SRB、DNB的菌落数量、硫化氢的产生量和氧化还原电位的影响的静态实验。研究结果表明:投加一定浓度的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和钼酸盐,对油田采出水SRB的生长都有不同程度的抑制作用,而同等浓度的抑制效果表现为亚硝酸盐>硝酸盐>钼酸盐,同时投加DNB和0.3～0.5 g/L(比例为1∶1)的亚硝酸盐/硝酸盐可较好地抑制油田采出水中的SRB和硫化氢的产生,其中0.5 g/L抑制效果最明显,可抑制硫化氢的产生10 d以上,SRB和硫化氢抑制率分别可达87%和98%。以不同药剂的常压静态腐蚀实验结果表明,抑制剂的腐蚀速率比杀菌剂和缓蚀剂略高,但低于石油天然气行业中标准规定的0.0076 mm/a,也远低于对照样的0.152 mm/a。     

改性沸石对低浓度氨氮废水的动态吸附

采用氯化钠溶液对甘肃白银天然沸石改性,以低浓度氨氮(NH4+-N)废水为处理对象,对比了天然沸石和改性沸石的动态吸附特性并绘制穿透曲线,利用Origin软件对实验数据分析处理,得出穿透曲线的通式。结果表明:在相同条件下,改性沸石的穿透时间和吸附饱和时间都比天然沸石的长约1.5倍;沸石经氯化钠改性后,对NH4+-N的吸附速率和饱和吸附量都明显提高,吸附性能显著改善。Origin软件对水溶液中NH4+-N的吸附穿透曲线的Logistic模型回归式具有较高的精度,该模型可以很好地反映沸石吸附剂的动态吸附过程。     

高气速间歇式生物过滤去除高负荷H2S

采用生物过滤法,以鸡粪堆肥和PE混合物为填料,在高气速条件下间歇式处理高负荷H2S废气。空床停留时间为20、15、10、6.7和5 s时,入口浓度3 000 mg/m3下的平均去除率分别为100%、100%、96.5%、89.2%和90.5%。高气速EBRT为5 s时,高入口负荷2 147 g/(m3.h)时的去除负荷为2 023 g/(m3.h),去除率达94%。采用Michaelis-Ment-en模型进行生物降解宏观动力学研究,其中Ks为550 mg/m3,Vm为6.8×104g/(m3.d)。结果表明,在实验温度17～24℃,湿度30%～50%下,生物过滤法间歇式处理高气速高负荷H2S的去除性能好。     

城市污水条件下ASBR厌氧氨氧化的启动与脱氮性能

采用ASBR在城市污水条件下进行厌氧氨氧化的启动与脱氮性能研究。实验接种好氧硝化污泥,在温度为(35±1)℃、HRT为24 h、pH为7.3～8.5的条件下经过130 d的培养,成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应。实验结果表明,厌氧氨氧化反应稳定运行时,TN容积负荷平均为0.179 kg/(m3.d),NH4+-N、NO2--N和TN去除率分别达到了95.30%、91.30%和76.28%。启动期和稳定运行期NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量的比值分别达到1∶1.54∶0.25和1∶1.27∶0.27;稳定运行期进出水pH差值由启动时的0.85下降到0.24。启动期反硝化和厌氧氨氧化反应同时存在而在稳定运行期厌氧氨氧化发展成为主导反应。MLSS和MLVSS/MLSS先减少后增加,反映了启动过程中硝化细菌、反硝化细菌的衰亡和厌氧氨氧化菌逐渐富集的过程,这与反应器的宏观运行效果相一致。     

SBR处理模拟氯苯废水

在SBR中利用光合细菌球形红细菌污泥颗粒进行模拟氯苯废水处理的初步研究,结果表明,采用球形红细菌污泥颗粒处理模拟氯苯废水的SBR系统是可行的,其降解氯苯过程符合Monod一级反应动力学方程。当进水氯苯浓度在125～187.5 mg/L变化时,处理效率都能稳定在90.5%～95.6%之间;其最佳工艺条件为反应时间6 h、DO 4.75～5.0 mg/L、沉淀时间1.5 h、污泥颗粒浓度4 000～6 000 mg/L。在污泥颗粒浓度4 000 mg/L、DO 5.0 mg/L、反应时间6 h的最佳条件下,当进水COD为748.1 mg/L、氯苯浓度100 mg/L时,COD的去除率达90.9%,处理后出水COD满足国家一级排放标准要求。     

超滤膜深度处理染整废水的膜污染机理

实验采用不同规格和材料的超滤膜进行染整二级尾水分离实验,对超滤膜污染机理及影响因素进行了分析。实验采用红外光谱分析了聚醚(PES)膜、聚砜(PSF)膜和聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)膜3种超滤膜材料,对比了污染前后膜面的接触角以及不同切割分子量对膜通量及出水水质的影响,并利用线性化的Herman堵塞模型拟合了不同分子量超滤膜的堵塞模型,初步探讨了超滤膜的污染机理。实验结果表明,膜材料表面亲水性基团的多少与初始膜通量大小成正比,出水COD值随超滤膜切割分子量减小而减小。切割分子量同为2 000 Da的3种超滤膜中,PES膜的处理效果最佳,出水COD平均值为47.81 mg/L;PEI膜通量最高,平衡通量可达50 L/(m2.h);切割分子量为1 000、10 000的超滤膜堵塞机理符合滤饼过滤模型,100 000的超滤膜堵塞机理更接近于完全堵塞模型;1 000的聚醚砜材质膜(PES)更适合此类废水的深度处理。     

多孔镁铝复合氧化物对水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

以镁盐、铝盐、纯碱和烧碱为原料制备了一种多孔镁铝复合氧化物(P-Mg3.1AlO4.6),其比表面积、平均孔径和总孔容分别为206.3 m2/g、8.961 nm和0.4208 cm3/g。研究了这种多孔材料对水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能,在25～45℃时,静态吸附量为82.32～141.7 mg/g;当初始浓度100 mg/L、流速5 mL/min、床层高度10 cm和pH=6时,半穿透时间、半穿透吸附量和饱和吸附量分别为406 min、49.28 mg/g和51.30 mg/g;拟合参数及误差分析表明,Cr(Ⅵ)在P-Mg3.1AlO4.6上的静态吸附过程符合Freundlich等温方程式和伪二级动力学方程,Yoon-Nelson模型能很好地预测Cr(Ⅵ)在P-Mg3.1AlO4.6上的动态穿透曲线。