Effect of silicate supplementation on the alleviation of arsenite toxicity in 93-11 (Oryza sativa L. indica)

Chronic exposure to arsenic (As) in rice has raised many health and environmental problems. As reported, great variation exists among different rice genotypes in As uptake, translocation, and accumulation. Under hydroponic culture, we find that the Chinese wild rice (Oryza rufipogon; acc. 104624) takes up the most arsenic among tested genotypes. Of the cultivated rice, the indica cv. 93-11 has the lowest arsenic translocation factor value but accumulates the maximum concentration of arsenic followed by Nipponbare, Minghui 86, and Zhonghua 11. Higher level of arsenite concentration (50 μM) can induce extensive photosynthesis and root growth inhibition, and cause severe oxidative stress. Interestingly, external silicate (Si) supplementation has significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, and promoted root elongation, as well as strongly ameliorated the oxidative stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase in roots and/or leaves of 93-11 seedlings. Notably, 1.873 mM concentration of Si considerably decreases the total As uptake and As content in roots, but significantly increases the As translocation from roots to shoots. In contrast, Si supplementation with 1.0 mM concentration significantly increases the total As uptake and As concentrations in roots and shoots of 93-11 seedlings after 50 μM arsenite treatment for 6 days.     

Effects of light, microbial activity, and sediment resuspension on the phosphorus immobilization capability of drinking water treatment residuals in lake sediment

Drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs), nonhazardous by-products generated in a drinking water treatment plant, can be reused to immobilize phosphorus (P) to control the internal P loading from lake sediments for eutrophication control. Reasonably, before practical application, it is essential to determine the P immobilization capability of WTRs in lake sediments under various conditions. In this work, laboratory scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of light, microbial activity, and sediment resuspension on the P immobilization capability of WTRs. The results suggested that absence of light, low microbial activity, and sediment resuspension can increase the internal P loading from lake sediments. WTRs can, however, reduce the internal P loading significantly. Further analysis demonstrated that WTRs can stabilize P, decreasing the P bioavailability in the sediments under varied conditions. WTRs also presented little undesirable effects on the dissolved oxygen levels and pH of overlying water. Therefore, light, microbial activity, and sediment resuspension have little effect on the P immobilization capability of WTRs in lake sediments.     

Algicidal activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bung on Microcystis aeruginosa—Towards identification of algicidal substance and determination of inhibition mechanism

The present study was to isolate and identify a potent algicidal compound from extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza and study the potential inhibition mechanism on Microcystis aeruginosa. Column chromatography and bioassay-guided fractionation methods were carried out to yield neo-przewaquinone A, which was identified by spectral analysis. The EC50 of neo-przewaquinone A on M. aeruginosa were 4.68 mg L⁻¹. In addition, neo-przewaquinone A showed relatively higher security on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus, with the EC50 values of 14.78 and 10.37 mg L⁻¹, respectively. For the potential inhibition mechanisms, neo-przewaquinone A caused M. aeruginosa cells morphologic damage or lysis, increased malondialdehyde content and decreased the soluble protein content, total antioxidant and superoxide dismutase activity, and significantly inhibited three photosynthesis-related genes (psaB, psbD, and rbcL). The results demonstrated the algicidal effect of neo-przewaquinone A on M. aeruginosa and provided the possible inhibition mechanisms.     

Removal of sulfamethoxazole and sulfapyridine by carbon nanotubes in fixed-bed columns

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and sulfapyridine (SPY), two representative sulfonamide antibiotics, have gained increasing attention because of the ecological risks these substances pose to plants, animals, and humans. This work systematically investigated the removal of SMX and SPY by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in fixed-bed columns under a broad range of conditions including: CNT incorporation method, solution pH, bed depth, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate initial concentration, and flow rate. Fixed-bed experiments showed that pH is a key factor that affects the adsorption capacity of antibiotics to CNTs. The Bed Depth Service Time model describes well the relationship between service time and bed depth and can be used to design appropriate column parameters. During fixed-bed regeneration, small amounts of SMX (3%) and SPY (9%) were irreversibly bonded to the CNT/sand porous media, thus reducing the column capacity for subsequent reuse from 67.9 to 50.4 mg g^?1 for SMX and from 91.9 to 72.9 mg g^?1 for SPY. The reduced column capacity resulted from the decrease in available adsorption sites and resulting repulsion (i.e., blocking) of incoming antibiotics from those previously adsorbed. Findings from this study demonstrate that fixed-bed columns packed with CNTs can be efficiently used and regenerated to remove antibiotics from water.     

生物填料地下渗滤系统对生活污水的脱氮

将草甸棕壤、炉渣和活性污泥等基质按体积比13∶6∶1配制生物填料,研究了生物填料地下渗滤系统（subsurface wastewater infiltration system,SWIS）在不同的水力负荷和污染负荷条件下对校园生活污水的脱氮效果。场地实验结果表明,当BOD5负荷为12.0 g BOD5/（m2·d）,表面水力负荷为0.04-0.10 m3/（m2·d）时,SWIS对NH＋4-N和TN的平均去除率分别为92.4%和82.0%。当水力负荷为0.08 m3/（m2·d）,BOD5负荷9.3-16.8 g BOD5/（m2·d）时,SWIS对NH＋4-N和TN的平均去除率为92.7%和81.2%。SWIS中氧化还原电位（oxygen reduction potential,ORP）随进水水力负荷和BOD5负荷的增加而降低,脱氮效率下降。综合出水水质和处理效率,适宜的水力负荷和污染负荷分别为0.065 m3/（m2·d）和12.0 g BOD5/（m2·d）。在此条件下,SWIS的启动周期为25-30 d。出水水质均优于《城市污水再生利用-景观环境用水水质》（GB/T18921-2002）标准,且处理效果稳定,抗负荷冲击能力强。     

3种载体固定化菌藻共生系统脱氮除磷效果的对比

采用3种不同载体（海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇、复合载体）,分别将小球藻和栅藻与活性污泥固定成菌藻共生系统,制成菌藻凝胶小球,单独菌、单独藻的凝胶小球,用于处理人工污水。结果表明,（1）复合载体固定的菌藻共生系统氮磷去除效果最好,PVA载体的脱氮除磷效果次于复合载体优于海藻酸钠;（2）固定化菌藻共生系统的脱氮除磷效果明显优于单独固定菌和单独固定藻,固定菌的效果较差;（3）3种载体包埋下的固定化小球藻的脱氮除磷效果均较相同载体固定化的栅藻效果好。     

昆明市污水排水系统产甲烷规律的模拟实验研究

通过对昆明市餐饮和居民生活污水厌氧模拟实验研究,初步探讨生活污水中CH4的产生规律,实验结果表明,在自然条件下,餐饮和居民生活污水中产生的甲烷浓度最大值分别为1.63 mg/L和3.82 mg/L。并且将COD、硫酸盐、硫化物、TN的浓度变化与甲烷浓度变化进行Pearson简单相关性分析,结果表明,1/COD、COD/硫酸盐和1/TN与甲烷在置信度为0.01时极显著相关,硫化物与甲烷在置信度为0.05时不相关;COD、硫酸盐和TN浓度的变化对生活污水中甲烷的产生起关键性作用。对居民生活污水中甲烷产生规律进行温度和pH控制分析研究,实验结果表明,生活污水在25~30℃时,24 h内甲烷产生量最大值为8.6494 mg/L,明显大于其他温度段的甲烷产生量;在pH为7~8之间时,甲烷的产生量在24 h内达到的最大值为3.0477 mg/L,明显高于其他pH控制段的甲烷产生量。     

接种不同污泥源条件下厌氧氨氧化菌的特性

2组ASBR接种污泥源分别为好氧硝化污泥、好氧硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥按2：1比例}昆合的混合污泥。在相同条件下,经过驯化培养均实现了厌氧氨氧化的稳定运行。接种好氧硝化污泥的反应器的适应期为29d,经过105d的培养反应器成功启动;接种混合污泥的反应器的适应期为13d,经过49d反应器启动成功。从2组ASBR污泥中提取细菌总DNA,经过厌氧氨氧化菌特异引物Pla46rc／Amx820对污泥样品进行PCR扩增、克隆和测序等分析。实验结果表明,接种不同污泥源条件下的反应器中厌氧氨氧化菌的特性存在差异,接种污泥源为好氧硝化污泥的反应器中存在的厌氧氨氧化菌种为CandidatusKuenenia,而接种混合污泥的反应器中存在的厌氧氨氧化菌种为CandidatusAnammox—oglobus,与最初接种的混合污泥中的厌氧氨氧化菌相同。当接种污泥中存在厌氧氨氧化菌时,该菌株经过长时间的驯化可成为优势菌种,而当接种污泥中无厌氧氨氧化菌存在时,CandidatusKueneniasp．可以在反应器中占主导,具有更强的竞争优势。     

Product Guide/1982

Abstract

An efficient venturi scrubber system making use of heterogeneous nucleation and condensational growth of particles was designed and tested to remove fine particles from the exhaust of a local scrubber where residual SiH₄ gas was abated and lots of fine SiO₂ particles were generated. In front of the venturi scrubber, normal-temperature fine-water mist mixes with high-temperature exhaust gas to cool it to the saturation temperature, allowing submicron particles to grow into micron sizes. The grown particles are then scrubbed efficiently in the venturi scrubber. Test results show that the present venturi scrubber system is effective for removing submicron particles. For SiO₂ particles greater than 0.1 μm, the removal efficiency is greater than 80–90%, depending on particle concentration. The corresponding pressure drop is relatively low. For example, the pressure drop of the venturi scrubber is ～15.4 ± 2.4 cm H₂O when the liquid-to-gas ratio is 1.50 L/m³. A theoretical calculation has been conducted to simulate particle growth process and the removal efficiency of the venturi scrubber. The theoretical results agree with the experimental data reasonably well when SiO₂ particle diameter is greater than 0.1 μm.     

改性沸石对低浓度氨氮废水的动态吸附

采用氯化钠溶液对甘肃白银天然沸石改性,以低浓度氨氮(NH4+-N)废水为处理对象,对比了天然沸石和改性沸石的动态吸附特性并绘制穿透曲线,利用Origin软件对实验数据分析处理,得出穿透曲线的通式。结果表明:在相同条件下,改性沸石的穿透时间和吸附饱和时间都比天然沸石的长约1.5倍;沸石经氯化钠改性后,对NH4+-N的吸附速率和饱和吸附量都明显提高,吸附性能显著改善。Origin软件对水溶液中NH4+-N的吸附穿透曲线的Logistic模型回归式具有较高的精度,该模型可以很好地反映沸石吸附剂的动态吸附过程。