黄土丘陵沟壑区生态风险空间识别及开发利用权衡——以兰州市为例

基于社会经济发展与土地资源利用管理、生态环境保护之间矛盾的现实需求,以兰州市为例,通过区域开发生态风险传递过程分析,构建黄土丘陵沟壑区区域开发生态风险评价框架,结合自然生态风险、开发生态风险和生态重要性,定量评价黄土丘陵沟壑区开发利用综合生态风险并识别其空间分布特征,最后结合丘陵地区建设用地适宜性,权衡黄土丘陵沟壑等未利用地的开发与生态环境保护.结果表明:兰州市综合生态风险以中、低等级为主;兰州市二类未利用地占比最大,为51.67%;一类未利用地在海拔相对较低的皋兰县北部、永登县庄浪河以东集中分布,占总面积的37.45%.权衡兰州市综合生态风险与未利用地开发适宜性,一、二类用地的综合生态风险以1级低风险为主.其中,一类用地集中连片度高,坡度、海拔等自然本底相对较好,是未来未利用地综合开发建设优先选择区域;二类用地因自然地理条件的限制,开发难度大,开发成本高,可以作为后备土地开发资源选择性开发.     

Adsorption of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole from aqueous solution by organo-bentonite

The adsorption behavior of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite was investigated.Natural bentonite from Gaozhou in Guangdong Province,China was collected.Organo-bentonite was prepared by intercalation of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide into the natural bentonite.The physicochemical properties of the prepared organo-bentonite were characterized by X-ray diffraction,N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The results showed that montmorillonite is the main component of the natural bentonite.The basal spacing of the natural bentonite is 1.47 nm,which increased to 1.98 nm on intercalation with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide.Moreover,both the surface area and pore volume increased with intercalation.Clear CH2 stretching(3000-2800 cm-1) and scissoring(1480-1450 cm-1) modes of the intercalated surfactants were observed for organobentonite.Compared with the pseudo first-order kinetic model,the pseudo second-order kinetic model is more suitable to describe the adsorption kinetics of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite.The adsorption capacity of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite increased with increasing initial concentration of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole,but decreased with increasing adsorbent dosage.The adsorption isotherm of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite fits well with the Langmuir model.The maximum adsorption capacity of organo-bentonite for 2-mercaptobenzothiazole was 33.61 mg/g,indicating that organo-bentonite is a promising adsorbent for 2-mercaptobenzothiazole.     

微波辐射对污水处理厂动态流活性污泥性能的影响研究

通过微波辐射对污水处理厂动态流活性污泥性能进行实验研究,考察了微波辐射3min内污泥沉降性能、脱水性能的变化,探讨了微波辐射对污泥挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)溶解率、上清液中COD和污泥微观形态的影响.结果表明,低强度的微波辐射对活性污泥相关性质的影响不显著,没有从根本上改善活性污泥的结构.适宜的微波辐射能显著改善活性污泥的沉降性能和脱水性能,500、700和900W微波辐射的适宜辐射时间分别为180、150和60s,此时,活性污泥的比阻为0.3×109S2·g-1左右,较原活性污泥减小了88%,泥饼含水率由原活性污泥直接抽滤的85.2%降低到70.0%.VSS溶解率和上清液COD都随着辐射功率及辐射时间的增加而升高.适宜的微波辐射能促进污泥的团聚絮凝,过度的辐射会破坏活性污泥结构,使活性污泥颗粒细小化,混合液黏度增大,导致脱水性能变差.通过动态流动下微波辐射对活性污泥性能影响的研究,可为微波辐射在活性污泥处理的实际应用提供理论依据.     

环境影响评价中公众参与的机制与有效性

公众参与是环境影响评价中的重要内容。从公众参与的定义、目标和作用入手，就环境影响评价中公众参与的作用机制及其有效性进行探讨，认为：广泛的公众代表性、有效的公众参与形式以及公众意见的如实反映和客观分析，都是增进环境影响评价中公众参与的机制有效性的重要因素。     

固定化白地霉处理高硬度及高矿化度岩溶水的研究

为了使白地霉固定化小球处理太原市地下岩溶水达到最佳絮凝效果,分别研究了白地霉菌体的最佳扩大培养条件.同时,分别选用海藻酸钠(SA)、聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA)及聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-明胶(PVA-SA-明胶)作为固定化剂,固定化白地霉菌体,进行絮凝性能分析.最后,确定了固定化小球处理岩溶水的最佳搅拌时间及投加量,并与六水合氯化铝、自制三元复合吸附剂及壳聚糖的5%冰醋酸溶液的絮凝效果进行了比较.结果表明,将白地霉种子培养基按3%的接种量接入白地霉扩大培养基3中进行扩大培养,可在第2d获取活性较好的大量白地霉菌体进行固定化.处理岩溶水时应选用PVA-SA-明胶固定化的白地霉小球,并在其投加量为4g·L-1、搅拌时间为60min时,对岩溶水矿化度、硬度的最大絮凝率分别为96.88%、50.00%.经与化学混凝剂絮凝性能对比发现,微生物絮凝剂具有操作简便、无二次污染、絮凝效果较好的优点.     

城市民生项目的环境管理与出路

民生项目应以政府主导,增加政府投入;近郊的煤气项目应搬迁到远郊区;摈弃焦炉煤气制气工艺,煤炭气化制气工艺;现有的企业生产运行要以居民用气多少来确定企业生产量,减少污染物的排放及对居民的危害。     

农村发展中水污染成因调查研究——以江苏省为例

在中国农村发展过程中,水环境污染已严重制约了当前农村经济的健康持续发展,探究农村地区水污染的成因,寻求解决污染的对策已十分迫切。本文在对江苏省农村水环境污染现状进行调查的基础上,运用AHP层次分析法分析现阶段江苏农村发展过程中水污染的形成机理,包括经济发展因素、社会公众因素、政策法规因素,并提出相关结论与建议。     

Incorporating Uncertainty into Management Models for Marine Mammals

Abstract: Good management models and good models for understanding biology differ in basic philosophy. Management models must facilitate management decisions despite large amounts of uncertainty about the managed populations. Such models must be based on parameters that can be estimated readily, must explicitly account for uncertainty, and should be simple to understand and implement. In contrast, biological models are designed to elucidate the workings of biology and should not be constrained by management concerns. We illustrate the need to incorporate uncertainty in management models by reviewing the inadequacy of using standard biological models to manage marine mammals in the United States. Past management was based on a simple model that, although it may have represented population dynamics adequately, failed as a management tool because the parameter that triggered management action was extremely difficult to estimate for the majority of populations. Uncertainty in parameter estimation resulted in few conservation actions. We describe a recently adopted management scheme that incorporates uncertainty and its resulting implementation. The approach used in this simple management scheme, which was tested by using simulation models, incorporates uncertainty and mandates monitoring abundance and human-caused mortality. Although the entire scheme may be suitable for application to some terrestrial and marine problems, two features are broadly applicable: the incorporation of uncertainty through simulations of management and the use of quantitative management criteria to translate verbal objectives into levels of acceptable risk.     

Uptake and concentration of heavy metals in dominant mangrove species from Hainan Island,South China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - By investigating three dominant mangrove species, namely Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia candel, Ceriops tagal and their rhizosediment in Mangrove wetlands...     

聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂的性能研究

煤矸石是采煤过程之废料。本文利用煤矸石制备出了聚合氯化铝铁（ＰＡＦＣ）：一种新型无机高分子絮凝剂，探讨了Ｆｅ＾３＋的稳定性与溶液离子强度之间的关系，发现溶液的离子强度越大，则产生Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３沉淀时的ＰＨ越高。研究了ＰＡＦＣ水解产物的ζ电位及絮凝效果随ＰＨ的变化情况，比较了ＰＡＦＣ、ＰＡＣ和ＰＦＳ的除浊性能，ＰＡＦＣ在ＰＨ为７．０－８．２范围内除浊效果最佳，ＰＡＦＣ的除浊效果优于ＰＡＣ。