浅析规划环境影响评价指标体系的构建

对规划环境影响评价的内容作出了概述性的介绍,并根据规划环境影响评价的特点,得出规划环境影响评价的指标体系应包括自然环境指标、生态环境指标、资源利用指标、能源利用指标和社会经济指标5大体系.提出规划环境影响评价指标体系的构成及建立流程.     

a-六六六标准溶液测量不确定度评定

数据是环境检测实验室的成果,而数据质量是进行实验室成果检验的唯一要求。标准溶液是分析检测实验室最基本的量值溯源载体。标准溶液配置质量的判定工作是检测实验室最重要的质控工作之一。本文以a-六六六标准溶液配制为例,对标准溶液测量不确定度进行合理评定,充分估计分析a-六六六标准储备液(母液)及标准工作溶液在配制、稀释过程不确定度的来源,评定了不同浓度标准溶液的不确定度及其扩展不确定度。分别对储备液100 mg/L、工作液10 mg/L、使用液1 mg/L的配置不确定度进行评定,考虑了影响配置质量的几个重要因素:天平称量准确度、标准物质纯度、容量瓶及移液管体积。通过评定结果可以看出,天平称量的准确性是决定标准溶液配置的最关键因素,其次是移液管体积的影响。     

鼠尾藻对养殖水体净化的围隔试验

通过围隔实验研究鼠尾藻对N、P的吸收速率。在秋冬季围隔实验中,围隔体积为1 040 L,藻体密度分为低、中、高三个密度组。鼠尾藻对P的平均吸收速率:低密度组为0.19μmol/[g(dw)·d],中密度组为0.15μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为0.09μmol/[g(dw)·d];对N的平均吸收速率:低密度组为3.65μmol/[g(dw)·d],中密度组为2.50μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为1.47μmol/[g(dw)·d];在春夏季围隔实验中,鼠尾藻对P的平均吸收速率:低密度组为0.64μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为0.45μmol/[g(dw)·d];对N的平均吸收速率:低密度组为2.70μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为1.88μmol/[g(dw)·d]。结果表明,在相同密度条件下,鼠尾藻春夏季对P的吸收速率是秋冬季的4倍;对N的吸收速率,春夏季比秋冬季略高。     

Linking male qualities to multiple display traits: an example in a fish with exclusive male care

Recent theoretical models predict that the relative allocation to advertisement and parental care depends on whether paternal care is necessary for offspring survival: In species with exclusive male care, male investment in attraction is expected to reliably indicate paternal care effort and male phenotypic quality. Previous research, yielding contrasting results, has considered how one trait involved in mate attraction interacts with parental care or a specific aspect of male quality. In the blenny Salaria pavo, we perform a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between overall male attractiveness and male quality, the latter in terms of fertility, condition, and parental care. In this fish, males are larger than females, exhibit two sexually dimorphic traits (head crest and anal glands), and solely care for eggs. We generated a male attractiveness index through principal component analyses of morphological traits and quantified parental effort as the total time spent in egg care. In addition, we analyzed the relationships between specific components of attractiveness and male qualities. In agreement with theory predictions, we found that male overall attractiveness is a reliable indicator of fertility, in terms of sperm number, but is unrelated to body condition and parental care effort, with males able to perform high levels of care regardless of their level of advertisement. However, the relative expression of head crest area appears positively related to sperm number but is traded-off with parental care effort. These findings underline the need, in addressing real patterns, to consider interactions between multiple aspects of male display and quality.     

HPLC-MS/MS法同时测定近岸底栖生物中15种磺胺类抗生素残留量

采用液-液萃取和固相萃取方法处理生物样品,建立以ESI(+)和SRM为基础的快速检测15种磺胺的HPLC-MS/MS方法,并采用该方法对大连周边海域底栖生物中磺胺的残留状况进行了分析. 结果表明:近岸底栖生物中磺胺噻唑(STZ)、磺胺喹啉(SQX)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)和磺胺甲基异唑(SMZ)等检出率较高,质量分数为1.39～143.29 ng/g.说明在我国近岸底栖生物中已经有一定量的磺胺类抗生素的残留,并威胁到水生生物的安全,因此应加强对近岸海洋环境中抗生素残留的监测与管理.      

银川紫外辐射特征及TUV模式适用性研究

利用2013—2019年银川紫外观测数据,分析了银川紫外辐射变化特征,基于TUV模式,结合云光学厚度、云顶高度、气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照比、波长指数、臭氧柱浓度和NO₂柱浓度等遥感资料,研究了TUV模式在银川紫外辐射模拟中的适用性.结果表明,银川多年年平均紫外辐照度为8.7 W·m^-2,7月最高为17.7 W·m^-2,1月最低为3.1 W·m^-2,13：00前后达到日最大值;不同参数输入方案下TUV对银川紫外辐照度随时间变化趋势的把握能力均较好,但平均值和标准差都普遍存在高估现象,2—5月TUV模拟效果最差,1月和6—10月模拟效果较好,11和12月模拟效果最好;模拟层数的增加不能有效提高模拟精度,改善TUV模拟效果;TUV模式模拟误差随着云光学厚度、相对湿度的减小及臭氧柱浓度、云顶高度的增加而增大;TUV对日照时数小于10 h时的紫外辐照度的模拟效果较日照时数大于10 h时好;PM₁₀浓度为0~50 μg·m^-3时TUV模拟均方根误差最小.     

A people‐centred perspective on climate change,environmental stress,and livelihood resilience in Bangladesh

The Ganges–Brahmaputra delta enables Bangladesh to sustain a dense population, but it also exposes people to natural hazards. This article presents findings from the Gibika project, which researches livelihood resilience in seven study sites across Bangladesh. This study aims to understand how people in the study sites build resilience against environmental stresses, such as cyclones, floods, riverbank erosion, and drought, and in what ways their strategies sometimes fail. The article applies a new methodology for studying people’s decision making in risk-prone environments: the personal Livelihood History interviews (N = 28). The findings show how environmental stress, shocks, and disturbances affect people’s livelihood resilience and why adaptation measures can be unsuccessful. Floods, riverbank erosion, and droughts cause damage to agricultural lands, crops, houses, and properties. People manage to adapt by modifying their agricultural practices, switching to alternative livelihoods, or using migration as an adaptive strategy. In the coastal study sites, cyclones are a severe hazard. The study reveals that when a cyclone approaches, people sometimes choose not to evacuate: they put their lives at risk to protect their livelihoods and properties. Future policy and adaptation planning must use lessons learned from people currently facing environmental stress and shocks.     

Sustainability assessment of water governance alternatives: the case of Guanacaste Costa Rica

Many new forms of water governance are emerging in response to economic and social needs and wants, as well as water-related problems such as scarcity, injustice, and conflict. However, there is little evidence on how sustainable these governance regimes are, which would be critical for making progress toward sustainable and just water governance. In this article, we present the results of a transdisciplinary multi-criteria sustainability assessment of alternative governance regimes for Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. The assessment specifies differences between sustainable and unsustainable governance regimes, while also pinpointing how the current water governance regime performs in comparison to those alternatives. The findings indicate that those governance regimes with just and deliberative stakeholder involvement, secure groundwater reserves, and healthy dry tropical ecosystems were considered sustainable and just. In contrast, the current state of water governance was found to be at high risk of digressing toward unsustainable systems where rural communities lack rights and influence, where economies favor agro-industry and high impact tourism at the expense of rural livelihoods, and where water scarcity overwhelms weak governance. This assessment study clarifies water sustainability goals, asserts the need for transformational change, and offers a pragmatic foundation for actions toward sustainable water governance.