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61.
62.
Eight kinds of biodegradable plastics were compared for their degradability in controlled laboratory composting conditions.
A thin film of each plastic was mixed into the composting material, and weight-loss degradability was calculated from the
weight changes of the film during composting. It was found that weight-loss degradability strongly depended on the specific
kind of biodegradable plastic; two were very high, four moderate, and the remaining two very slight. The most easily degradable
plastic degraded by as much as 81.4% over 8 days of composting. By comparing the weight-loss degradability with ultimate degradability,
which is defined as a molar ratio of carbon loss as CO2 to the carbon contained in the biodegradable plastic, the order of the ease of degradation of the biodegradable plastics
differed.
Received: February 7, 2000 / Accepted April 14, 2000 相似文献
63.
The widespread presence of trees in paddy fields is a unique feature of Northeast Thailand’s agricultural landscape. A survey of spatial variability in the density of trees in paddy fields in the Northeast Region was conducted utilizing high resolution satellite images and found that the mean density in the whole region was 12.1 trees/ha (varying from a high of 44.6 trees/ha to a low of 0.8 trees/ha). In general, tree densities are higher in the southeastern part of the region and much lower in the northern central part. Tree density was influenced by multiple factors including: (1) the history of land development, with more recently developed paddy fields having higher densities, (2) topography, with fields located at higher topographical positions having a higher mean density of trees, (3) access to natural forest resources, with fields in areas located close to natural forests having higher densities, (4) amount of annual rainfall, with fields in areas with higher average annual rainfall having higher tree densities, and (5) landholding size, with fields in areas with larger-sized landholdings having more trees. However, there is a considerable extent of co-variation among these factors. Although trees remain an important element of the paddy field landscape in the Northeast, it appears that their density has been declining in recent years. If this trend continues, then the vast “invisible forest” represented by trees in paddy fields may truly disappear, with negative consequences for the villagers’ livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and carbon sequestration in the rural ecosystem. 相似文献
64.
Sano Daisuke Watanabe Ryosuke Oishi Wakana Amarasiri Mohan Kitajima Masaaki Okabe Satoshi 《Food and environmental virology》2021,13(1):84-92
Food and Environmental Virology - This study investigated the influence of viral interference on the detection of enteric viruses using the integrated cell culture (ICC)-PCR with a BGM cell line.... 相似文献
65.
Phylogeny and biogeography of Sicydiinae (Teleostei: Gobiidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. Keith C. Lord J. Lorion S. Watanabe K. Tsukamoto A. Couloux A. Dettai 《Marine Biology》2011,158(2):311-326
In the Indo-Pacific area, the Caribbean region and West Africa, insular systems are colonised by particular Gobiids of the
Sicydiinae subfamily. These species spawn in freshwater, the free embryos drift downstream to the sea where they undergo a
planktonic phase, before returning to rivers to grow and reproduce; an amphidromous lifestyle. These gobies are the biggest
contributors to the diversity of fish communities in insular systems and have the highest levels of endemism, yet their phylogeny
has not been explored before with molecular data. To understand the phylogeny and the biogeography of this subfamily, sequences
from the mitochondrial 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase I and from the nuclear rhodopsin gene were obtained for 50 Sicydiinae
specimens of seven genera. Our results support the monophyly of the subfamily and of all the genera except Sicyopus, which is polyphyletic. Five major clades were identified within this subfamily. One clade clusters Sicyopterus and Sicydium as sister genera, one contains the genus Stiphodon split into two different groups, two other clades include only Sicyopus (Smilosicyopus) and Cotylopus, respectively, and the last clade groups Akihito, Lentipes and Sicyopus (Sicyopus). As a result, the subgenus Smilosicyopus is elevated herein as a genus. A molecular dating approach helps the interpretation of these phylogenetic results in terms
of amphidromy and biogeographical events that have allowed the Sicydiinae to colonise the Indo-Pacific, West African and Caribbean
islands. 相似文献
66.
Virgin female cabbage butterflies, Pieris rapae crucivora, accept and mate with courting males, whereas mated females reject them and assume the “mate refusal posture”. This study
tested whether the biogenic amines, serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and octopamine (OA), were responsible for this change
in behavior. The results showed that 2–3-day-old virgin females fed with 5HT rejected courting males significantly more frequently
compared with controls fed on sucrose. In contrast, the proportions of courting males rejected by virgin females fed with
either DA or OA did not differ from sucrose-fed controls. Oral application of each amine resulted in significantly increased
levels of the amine applied (or its metabolite) in the brain. The results strongly suggest that 5HT or a 5HT metabolite may
be responsible for the post-mating change in behavioral response of 2–3-day-old virgin females to courting males. Similar
effects of 5HT treatment were observed in 6–8-day-old virgin females, but in this case the results were only marginally different
from the controls, suggesting that the effect may decline with increasing female age. 相似文献
67.
J. Furrer H. Deuber H. Hunsinger S. Kreisz A. Linek H. Seifert J. Sthr R. Ishikawa K Watanabe 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》1998,18(6-8)
Investigations were performed on the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) of nitric oxide (NO) at TAMARA, the pilot-scale waste incineration plant of the Karlsruhe Research Center. Aqueous ammonia (NH3) was injected into the combustion chamber as reductant. The influence of NH3 on various inorganic and organic compounds in the flue gas was investigated. The concentrations of NO were reduced by up to about 90% by NH3 injection. The concentrations of most of the other inorganic and organic compounds, including in particular PCDD and PCDF, did not change significantly. 相似文献
68.
Combustion of brominated flame retardants and behavior of its byproducts 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Sakai S Watanabe J Honda Y Takatsuki H Aoki I Futamatsu M Shiozaki K 《Chemosphere》2001,42(5-7):519-531
The substance flow rate of PBDDs/DFs into flue gas and incineration residues from incineration of three types of waste samples containing brominated flame retardants were examined. The samples used consisted of PBDEs (a typical retardant), used TV casing materials (actual waste materials), and waste printed circuit boards. PBDDs/DFs concentrations in the experimental samples of PBDEs/PE, waste TV casing materials and printed circuit boards ranged between 3000 and 130,000 ng/g. These values are very high when compared to other investigations. The increase of chlorine concentration in input sample reduced the ratio of PBDDs/DFs in flue gas and raised the ratio of PCDDs/DFs. With adequate combustion control and flue gas treatment, the amount of PBDDs/DFs released from the incineration of resin containing brominated flame retardants was lower than the input amount. The presence of PBDDs/DFs in incineration residues dominated the total amount of dioxins released. When PBDDs/DFs, PCDDs/DFs and PXDDs/DFs were considered as a total, the total amount released was lower than the total amount input. 相似文献
69.
Motomu Toda Masayuki Yokozawa Akihiro Sumida Tsutomu Watanabe Toshihiko Hara 《Ecological modelling》2009
A simulation study was carried out to investigate simultaneously the effects of eco-physiological parameters on competitive asymmetry, self-thinning, stand biomass and NPP in a temperate forest using an atmosphere–vegetation dynamics interactive model (MINoSGI). In this study, we selected three eco-physiological relevant parameters as foliage profiles (i.e. vertical distribution of leaf area density) of individual trees (distribution pattern is described by the parameter η), biomass allocation pattern in individual tree growth (χ) and the maximum carboxylation velocity (Vmax). The position of the maximal leaf area density shifts upward in the canopy with increasing η. For scenarios with η < 4 (foliage concentrated in the lowest canopy layer) or η > 12 (foliage concentrated in the uppermost canopy layer), a low degree of competitive asymmetry was produced. These scenarios resulted in the survival of subordinate trees due to a brighter lower canopy environment when η < 4 or the generation of spatially separated foliage profiles between dominant and subordinate trees when η > 12. In contrast, competition between trees was most asymmetric when 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 (vertically widespread foliage profile in the canopy), especially when η = 8. In such cases, vertically widespread foliage of dominant trees lowered the opportunity of light acquisition for subordinate trees and reduced their carbon gain. The resulting reduction in carbon gain of subordinate trees yielded a higher degree of competitive asymmetry and ultimately higher mortality of subordinate trees. It was also shown that 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 generated higher self-thinning speed, smaller accumulated NPP, litter-fall and potential stand biomass as compared with the scenarios with η < 4 or η > 12. In contrast, our simulation revealed small effects of χ or Vmax on the above-mentioned variables as compared with those of η. In particular, it is notable that greater Vmax would not produce greater potential stand biomass and accumulated NPP although it has been thought that physiological parameters relevant to photosynthesis such as Vmax influence dynamic changes in forest stand biomass and NPP (e.g. the greater the Vmax, the greater the NPP). Overall, it is suggested that foliage profiles rather than biomass allocation or maximum carboxylation velocity greatly govern forest dynamics, stand biomass, NPP and litter-fall. 相似文献
70.
Core self‐evaluations in Japan: relative effects on job satisfaction,life satisfaction,and happiness
Ronald F. Piccolo Timothy A. Judge Koji Takahashi Naotaka Watanabe Edwin A. Locke 《组织行为杂志》2005,26(8):965-984
The present study tested, in a non‐Western culture (Japan), the relative validity in predicting job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and happiness of core self‐evaluations (CSE), positive and negative affectivity (PA/NA), and the Neutral Objects Satisfaction Questionnaire (NOSQ). Consistent with previous results in primarily Western cultures, the four lower‐order traits that comprise CSE—self‐esteem, generalized self‐efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism—indicated a higher‐order factor. While each lower‐order trait was itself related to the study's criteria, the CSE concept displayed in general, higher correlations with the dependent variables, and explained incremental variance in two of the study's three outcomes beyond PA, NA, and the NOSQ. These results indicate initial support for the generalizability of CSE in a culture that differs in many respects from Western cultures, and suggest that judgments of satisfaction and happiness in a non‐Western culture have a dispositional source. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献