高校图书馆消防安全疏散数值分析

以国内某高校图书馆为实例,利用FDS和Pathfinder对该图书馆进行火灾及人员疏散全尺寸模拟。研究图书馆发生火灾时烟气扩散、温度分布及能见度对人员逃生的影响。主要方法为通过火灾模拟软件FDS模拟分析发生火灾时的可用安全疏散时间(ASET),并使用疏散模拟软件PathFinder计算所需安全疏散时间(RSET),进而判断图书馆目前管理状况是否满足火灾时的人员安全疏散需要。结论表明:该图书馆目前管理状况不能满足火灾条件下人员逃生的需要,而影响人员安全疏散的主要因素为烟气的扩散。在研究结果的基础上提出改进建议,为图书馆日后的管理及灭火救援提供理论依据。     

大型活动客流监测预警方法研究

随着我国经济文化的发展,大型活动日益增多,大型活动中人群拥挤事故作为大型活动事故预防控制的重点,逐渐引起人们的重视.本文从观众结构、时间分布、空间分布及运动性特征四方面分析了大型活动客流的相关特性;论述了大型活动安全监测的内容与方法,确定了安全监测的重点部位;从安全容量、安全密度、安全速度、密度变化率和速度变化率五个角度提出了大型活动客流风险的预警方法,并比较了各类方法的优缺点.研究成果为保障我国大型活动的顺利召开,避免拥挤踩踏事故的发生有一定的借鉴意义.     

下沉式广场“准安全区”可行性研究

为研究位于某广场建筑商业综合体裙房中央的下沉式广场作为人员疏散的准安全区的可行性,运用烟气模拟软件FDS得到了可用安全疏散时间ASET,并通过疏散模拟软件Building-Exo-dus和水力模型计算方法得出了所需安全疏散时间RSET。研究表明,人员安全疏散条件ASET相似文献   

平煤八矿丁一风井通风阻力测定与结果分析

以平煤八矿丁一风井所服务的三个采区为例,系统地介绍了通风阻力测定方法、测定路线选择及测点布置。运用条件平差方法对测量数据进行处理,通过理论公式计算得到测定结果,然后对矿井通风系统进行分析。测定结果得出丁一风井通风系统的进风段、用风段和回风段阻力分布不平衡,部分区段通风阻力过大,通风总阻力超出了规定要求。结合丁一风井实际情况进行分析,找出了造成部分区段通风阻力过大的原因,并提出改进措施,为矿井通风安全管理提供了真实可靠的基础资料。     

兰州市室内空气重金属污染水平与健康风险评价

为探究兰州市室内空气中重金属的污染程度及健康风险水平,于2018年9—12月在兰州市居民住宅采集室内空气样品,共设置了85个采样点.计算了室内空气中重金属Pb、Cd、As的浓度,并利用USEPA健康风险评价模型对居民经呼吸途径的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,兰州市室内空气Pb、Cd和As的平均浓度分别为(0.0532±...     

4种多环芳烃对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)原肠胚发育的急性毒性研究

海洋中的多环芳烃(PAHs)具有较强的生物毒性,且海洋动物早期发育阶段是对环境因素变化响应的最敏感阶段。为探究海洋多环芳烃类有机污染物对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)早期发育阶段原肠胚的毒性影响,采用半静态毒性实验方法,分别考察了4种多环芳烃苯并[a]芘、3-甲基菲、惹烯及2-甲基蒽对仿刺参原肠胚的24、48、72、96 h急性毒性效应。结果表明,在10、50、100、200μg·L~(-1)暴露浓度下,随着暴露时间的延长和暴露浓度的升高,4种多环芳烃对仿刺参原肠胚产生不同程度的急性毒性效应,仿刺参原肠胚存活率与4种多环芳烃浓度之间分别存在显著的剂量-效应关系(P0.05)。苯并[a]芘对仿刺参原肠胚在24、48 h的半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为294.4、225.64 mg·L~(-1),3-甲基菲在24、48、72、96 h的LC_(50)分别为404.5、300.7、81.4、17.6mg·L~(-1),惹烯在24、48、72 h的LC_(50)分别为243.1、230、186 mg·L~(-1),2-甲基蒽在24、48、72、96 h的LC_(50)分别244、231.6、152.6、142.9 mg·L~(-1)。4种多环芳烃的安全浓度(SC)分别为39.76、49.8、61.8、62.6μg·L~(-1),其毒性大小顺序为苯并[a]芘3-甲基菲惹烯2-甲基蒽。基于定量构效关系(QSAR)的研究结果可知多环芳烃化合物的毒性差异可能与分子结构等性质有关。该实验为深入研究多环芳烃对海洋环境的毒性效应提供了理论依据。     

序言

<正>"环境计算化学与预测毒理学"是近年来在环境化学、环境毒理学、计算化学、计算生物学和分子生物学等学科之间形成的一个新兴的前沿研究领域,主要应用计算化学和大数据分析的方法开展化学品在环境介质中的转化行为、毒物在生物体内与大分子的相互作用机制以及毒性预测等方面的工作,已成为研究化学污染物的环境行为、毒理作用机制的重要手段,也是化学品生态风险评价与管理的必要工具,可为环境友好的     

微塑料对环境中有机污染物吸附解吸的研究进展

微塑料已成为新的全球性环境污染问题。作为强吸附剂,微塑料可以吸附共存的有机污染物,进而改变其环境行为和毒性;也可以通过解吸作用促进污染物在不同介质中的迁移。因而,微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用强度和机理是全面评估两者的环境风险和深度研究微塑料毒性机制的必要信息。目前微塑料研究处于快速发展的起始阶段,加之微塑料本身成分、粒径、表面风化情况的复杂性及共存有机污染物的多样性使两者的相互作用十分复杂,亟需理清微塑料吸附解吸作用的影响因素和相关机制。因而,本文详细综述了微塑料对有机污染物吸附解吸作用的研究进展,并着重从微塑料性质(成分、粒径和表面风化)、有机污染物性质和水环境介质性质方面探讨了吸附的影响因素和相互作用机制,希望为微塑料吸附有机污染物及吸附的后续影响研究提供借鉴与参考。     

Recovery of Ni(II) from real electroplating wastewater using fixed-bed resin adsorption and subsequent electrodeposition

Resin adsorption and subsequent electrodeposition were used for nickel recovery. Treated wastewater can meet the Electroplating Pollutant Discharge Standard. The spent resin is completely regenerated by 3 BV of 4% HCl solution. 95.6% of nickel in concentrated eluent was recovered by electrodeposition. Effective recovery of high-value heavy metals from electroplating wastewater is of great significance, but recovering nickel ions from real electroplating wastewater as nickel sheet has not been reported. In this study, the pilot-scale fixed-bed resin adsorption was conducted to recover Ni(II) ions from real nickel plating wastewater, and then the concentrated Ni(II) ions in the regenerated solution were reduced to nickel sheet via electrodeposition. A commercial cation-exchange resin was selected and the optimal resin adsorption and regeneration conditions were investigated. The resin exhibited an adsorption capacity of 63 mg/g for Ni(II) ions, and the average amount of treated water was 84.6 bed volumes (BV) in the pilot-scale experiments. After the adsorption by two ion-exchange resin columns in series and one chelating resin column, the concentrations of Ni(II) in the treated wastewater were below 0.1 mg/L. After the regeneration of the spent resin using 3 BV of 4% (w/w) HCl solution, 1.5 BV of concentrated neutral nickel solution (>30 g/L) was obtained and used in the subsequent electrodeposition process. Using the aeration method, alkali and water required in resin activation process were greatly reduced to 2 BV and 3 BV, respectively. Under the optimal electrodeposition conditions, 95.6% of Ni(II) in desorption eluent could be recovered as the elemental nickel on the cathode. The total treatment cost for the resin adsorption and regeneration as well as the electrodeposition was calculated.     

Degradation of antipyrine in the Fenton-like process with a La-doped heterogeneous catalyst

A La-doped Co-Cu-Fe catalyst was synthesized for the antipyrine (ANT) removal. The La-doped catalyst had higher ANT removal than the control (95% vs. 54%). La reduced the particle size and increased the specific surface area of catalyst. The aim of this study was to synthesize a novel lanthanum (La) doped catalyst and to investigate antipyrine removal in wastewater using the Fenton-like process with the catalyst. The La-doped Co-Cu-Fe catalyst was synthesized using the modified hydrothermal method. Results showed that the La-doped catalyst had higher specific surface area and lower particle size than the catalyst without La doping (i.e., the control) (267 vs. 163 m²/g and 14 vs. 32 nm, respectively). Under the conditions of catalyst dosage 0.5 g/L, H₂O₂ concentration 1.70 g/L, and NaHCO₃ 0.1 g/L, the antipyrine removal within 60 min using the Fenton-like process with the La-doped catalyst was much higher than that with the control (95% vs. 54%). The hydroxyl radical concentration with the La-doped catalyst within 60 min was two times higher than that with the control (49.2 vs. 22.1 mg/L). The high catalytic activity of La-doped catalyst was mainly attributed to its high specific surface area based on the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy result. Our La-doped catalyst should have great potential to remove antipyrine in wastewater using the heterogeneous Fenton-like process.