Comparison of two methods for detection of fecal indicator bacteria used in water quality monitoring of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Scientifically sound methods to rapidly measure fecal indicator bacteria are important to ensure safe water for drinking and recreational purposes.A total of 200 water samples obtained from the Three Gorges Reservoir during three successive one-year study periods(October 2009 to September 2012) were analyzed using multiple-tube fermentation(MTF)and most probable numbers combined with polymerase chain reaction(MPN–PCR).The MPN–PCR method was found to be significantly more sensitive than the MTF method for detecting Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.,and of equal sensitivity for detecting total coliforms when all surface water samples were grouped together.The two analytical methods had a strong,significant relationship,but MPN–PCR took only 12–18 hr,compared with the 3–8 days needed using the MTF method.Bacterial concentrations varied per sampling site but were significantly lower in the mainstream of the Yangtze River than those in the backwater areas of tributaries.The water quality of 85.8% of water samples from the mainstream was suitable for use as a centralized potable water source,while the water quality of 52.5% of water samples from the backwater areas was unsuitable for recreational activities.Relationships between fecal indicator bacteria showed significant correlation(r = 0.636–0.909,p 0.01,n = 200),while a weak but significant correlation was found between fecal indicators and water turbidity,water temperature,daily inflow,and total dissolved solids(r = 0.237–0.532,p 0.05,n = 200).The study indicated that MPN–PCR is a rapid and easily performed deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)-based method for quantitative detection of viable total coliforms,E.coli,and Enterococcus spp.in surface water.     

农村主要环境问题与对策措施探讨

农村环境问题,主要源于老百姓的日常生活和农业生产中农用化学物资的使用,畜禽养殖业和乡镇企业的污染以及资源的不合理开发利用而带来的生态破坏。为此,应该从环保宣传入手,提高农民的环保意识,尤其是提高农村中小学生的环保意识,进而带动家长影响社会,倡导科学使用农用化学物资,实施规模化养殖,鼓励农村废物综合利用,实行资源无害化处理,强化乡镇企业的环境监管,注重发展生态农业,从而在提高农民生活水平中,实现生态保护与农村经济发展双赢。     

武汉工业大学水泵房噪声治理

分析了水泵房噪声产生的机理,提出以隔声为主,辅以消声、吸声、绿化等综合治理措施,实现了治理达标目的。     

改性聚合硫酸铁的絮凝特性及其应用

本文较详细地介绍了改性聚合硫酸铁的絮凝机理、净水性能、质量指标、应用范畴及其注意事项,并使用珠江水对几种主要的无机高分子絮凝剂进行了性能测试,结果表明,改性聚合硫酸铁的生产成本最低,净水效果却最显著.     

Cause analysis of the fire and explosion during crude oil desulfurization in China

A serious fire and explosion accident that resulted in massive crude oil leakage and severe environmental pollution occurred on 16 July, 2010, in Dalian Port, China. To investigate the root cause of accident and conduct a wide-range investigation, desulfurizing agent JH02, which has a similar ingredient to the desulfurizing agent HD used in Dalian Port, and TS02 were employed in this study to determine the role of desulfurizing agents in the accident. The thermal behavior of crude oil, desulfurizing agents, and their mixtures was measured by using a C80 calorimeter. By using the calorimetric data, the kinetic parameters of the chemical reaction, such as activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and self-accelerating decomposition temperature of crude oil, as well as JH02, TS02, and their mixtures, were calculated and compared. The results indicated that the direct cause of the accident was the thermal runaway initiated by the increasing instability of the crude oil–desulfurizing agent mixture. Excess pressure in the oil pipeline triggered the physical explosion, but it alone was not enough to cause a serious damage. Furthermore, a stable desulfurizing agent such as TS02 could not ensure a safe desulfurizing process. The results of this study would benefit the safety management of desulfurizing processes during production and storage.     

广州市三条重污染河涌春季VOCs排放通量的研究

采用Tenax采样管和热解吸与GC-MS联用仪研究广州3条重污染河涌春季释放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成和排放通量。结果表明,3条重污染河涌共检出烷烃、卤代烃、芳香烃、烯烃、醛、醇和其他等7类共37种VOCs成分。BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、间对二甲苯和邻二甲苯)在各采样点中所占比例最大,均占40%以上。24 h连续监测显示,VOCs的排放通量在22:00达到峰值,即66.2μg/(m2.h)。3条重污染河涌的TVOCs排放通量变化范围34.2~94.0μg/(m2.h),其中BTEX排放通量变化范围为15.2~53.2μg/(m2.h)。     

东南大陆火山构造与矿产时、空关系——火山成矿作用配置模式

火山成因矿产是火山活动特定阶段产物,本文通过对火山机构发展演化阶段所发生的成矿作用和区域内主要金属、非金属矿产在火山机构中赋存部位的归纳,建立了火山成矿作用配置模式.     

渤海湾南部沿岸海区1992—1995年结冰特征与分析

本文对渤海湾南部沿岸海区１９９２－１９９５年冬季现场海冰的实测资料进行了分析总结，探讨研究了该海区海冰的外貌特征，冰情特性及生消变化情况，并对影响该海区冰情的最重要因素－气温与海冰的关系进行了分析。     

海冰与孤立桩柱碰撞破碎模型

本文对辽东湾冰原冰与孤立桩相互作用过程进行了研究，根据高速率下冰原冰的非开裂挤压脆性破坏过程特点，将整个冰与桩柱相互作用过程分为三个阶段，通过一些适当的简化和假设，提出了这三个不同阶段孤立桩前冰的破碎过程模型，利用此破碎过程模型结合相应的力学模式计算冰与桩柱相互作用力随时间的变化。实测资料与模拟计算值比较，其结果符合较好，因此该破碎过程模型具有较好的可实用性。     

包头地区土壤氟污染研究

内蒙古包头地区是我国氟污染的严重地区之一。本文研究了土壤含氟量的特点,发现该区土壤本身含氟量偏高,加以三废中氟的污染,使氟病发生的可能性增加。根据土壤中水溶性和全氟的分布,可以估计大气氟污染的范围和程度。与大气氟污染相比,资料表明,包钢尾矿坝往南3km内的土壤全氟和水溶性氟测定结果说明,土壤氟污染现在已达坝下2km,最高浓度处每公顷每公尺土层中含氟近1吨。目前,如不采取措施,尾矿坝对土壤、地下水和作物的影响将更加严重。针对尾矿坝对环境的污染特点,提出了防治污染的措施。