北方碱性褐土有效镉提取方法筛选

以北方碱性褐土有效镉提取方法筛选为研究内容,在褐土分布区南北纵向300 km范围内,采集32套小麦和根系土样品,分析总镉含量。同时,对根系土采用0.43 mol/L硝酸溶液、1 mol/L盐酸溶液、0.1 mol/L盐酸溶液、0.001 mol/L盐酸溶液、DTPA(1∶2)浸提剂、DTPA(1∶5)浸提剂、DTPA+NaNO_3浸提剂、0.01 mol/L氯化钙、0.1 mol/L氯化钙等9种提取方法进行单提取实验。通过回归模型预测的小麦镉含量与实测含量之间的相对偏差合格率、小麦镉超标判断准确率、小麦镉含量与提取量相关系数、提取系数大小及稳定性等综合因素判断,DTPA(1∶2)浸提剂法是北方碱性褐土条件下最适宜的有效镉提取方法。本文研究结果在农用地土壤镉污染程度评价、镉污染风险评估、镉污染修复方案制定等方面均具有重要意义。     

加氢母站安全可靠运行问题探讨及解决对策

通过介绍广州石化加氢站工艺流程、加氢母站操作关键点,探讨运行过程中已出现及潜在的隐患问题,包括行业相关标准不完善、加氢母站阀门的使用隐患、充装计量偏差及充装流速偏大等问题,并提出相应的措施对策。     

粉煤灰固定化絮凝剂填充床-鼓气工艺漂染污水处理研究

以粉煤灰固定化絮凝剂填充成絮凝过滤床 ,并组合成连续 -鼓气式五级絮凝过滤床污水处理系统。在吸附、絮凝、沉降、过滤和降解等协同作用下 ,污水流量为 2 5 L/h、鼓气量为 5 0 L/( L· h)、级数为 5时 ,处理水的悬浮物、色度、COD、氨氮、硫化物和苯胺的去除率分别为 99.0 %、91.8%、96.9%、95 %、96.9%、90 .6% ,p H=6.2～ 6.9,基本达到纺织染整工业污水 级排放标准     

Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and biomass for stabilizing heavy metals and reducing biochar toxicity: A review

The huge amounts of sewage sludge produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants induce major environmental and economical issues, calling for advanced disposal methods. Traditional methods for sewage sludge disposal increase greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. Moreover, biochar created from sewage sludge often cannot be used directly in soil applications due to elevated levels of heavy metals and other toxic compounds, which alter soil biota and earthworms. This has limited the application of sewage sludge-derived biochar as a fertilizer. Here, we review biomass and sewage sludge co-pyrolysis with a focus on the stabilization of heavy metals and toxicity reduction of the sludge-derived biochar. We observed that co-pyrolyzing sewage sludge with biomass materials reduced heavy metal concentrations and decreased the environmental risk of sludge-derived biochar by up to 93%. Biochar produced from sewage sludge and biomass co-pyrolysis could enhance the reproduction stimulation of soil biota by 20‒98%. Heavy metals immobilization and transformation are controlled by the co-feed material mixing ratio, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis atmosphere.

     

原噬菌体诱导法在环境诱变剂研究中的应用

应用原噬菌体诱导法检测35种不同化学物质的潜在遗传毒性,S_9作代谢激活系统。试验结果有13个样品具有诱变性(占37.1％),其中有10个样品在S_9激活下和3个样品无论有与无S_9活化均能诱导溶源性大肠杆菌释放λ噬菌体。检出的阳性样品中有些为已知的诱变剂和致癌剂(黄曲霉毒素B_1)或抗癌药(丝裂霉素C)。提示诱导检测法作为环境遗传毒物的预警系统初筛潜在致癌危险物质是一种极为有用的手段。     

蚕豆根尖微核技术监测环境污染物的诱变活性

应用蚕豆根尖微核技术对10份矿尘样品、黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)和15份真菌提取物进行诱变性研究,结果有10份矿尘、AFB_1和5种真菌提取物能明显诱发蚕豆根尖细胞微核率的增高;对其中5~#矿尘、AFB_1和杂色曲霉提取物进行剂量效应测定,显示了良好的剂量效应关系,提示具有诱变活性,这对当地的肿瘤发病率可能起重要作用。说明蚕豆根尖微核技术对研究环境诱变剂不失为一种有效的手段。     

煤矿风井防爆门设计爆炸载荷计算方法研究*

为解决煤矿风井防爆门研发中的设计爆炸载荷取值问题,采用理论分析和数值模拟方法,研究MFBL防爆门在被冲击波冲飞过程中的能量转化、传递、耗损关系,以及空气阻力因素的影响;改进拉断钢丝绳消耗能量的算法,着重考虑空气阻力影响因素,重新建立基于事故中防爆门的飞起高度计算防爆门设计爆炸载荷的方法,并以典型案例进行验证。结果表明:防爆门在拉断牵引钢丝绳的过程中,传递给配重的能量相较于拉断钢丝绳所消耗能量较小,可忽略不计;MFBL防爆门的空气阻力系数接近于1,其以较大速度飞行时受空气阻力影响显著,故考虑克服空气阻力作功是必要的;鉴于计算结果,推荐根据20~50 m飞起高度设计防爆门爆炸载荷,并提出根据防爆门飞起高度划分安全防护等级等建议和应用指南,其可提高计算方法的可靠性和可用性,可为防爆门研发等提供参考依据。     

Horizon scanning for South African biodiversity: A need for social engagement as well as science

Ambio - A horizon scan was conducted to identify emerging and intensifying issues for biodiversity conservation in South Africa over the next 5–10 years. South African biodiversity...     

Mechanical Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Hemp Fiber Composites Prepared with a Novel Method

This research dealt with a novel method of fabricating green composites with biodegradable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and natural hemp fiber. The new preparation method was that hemp fibers were firstly blending-spun with a small amount of PLA fibers to form compound fiber pellets, and then the traditional twin-screw extruding and injection-molding method were applied for preparing the composites containing 10–40 wt% hemp fibers with PLA pellets and compound fiber pellets. This method was very effective to control the feeding and dispersing of fibers uniformly in the matrix thus much powerful for improving the mechanical properties. The tensile strength and modulus were improved by 39 and 92 %, respectively without a significant decrease in elongation at break, and the corresponding flexural strength and modulus of composites were also improved by 62 and 90 %, respectively, when the hemp fiber content was 40 wt%. The impact strength of composite with 20 wt% hemp fiber was improved nearly 68 % compared with the neat PLA. The application of the silane coupling agent promoted further the mechanical properties of composites attributed to the improvement of interaction between fiber and resin matrix.     

新疆拟建铁路沿线雪风灾分区和致灾性分析

对1990-2000年新疆铁路沿线地区220个大风灾害日和2000-2010年300个大(暴)雪日灾情进行了分析,以1961-2008年年均冬季最大雪深、1961-2010年年均最大风速和致灾性大风日数及承灾体脆弱性作为铁路沿线雪风灾评价指标,基于GIS空间分析对拟建铁路沿线地区的雪风灾进行了区域划分和致灾性定量分析。结果表明:①冬春季是铁路沿线雪灾高发季。拟建铁路阿勒泰-富蕴段、塔城-额敏段为重雪灾区。在铁路弯道设计、防风墙建设方面应进行严格科学论证,作好积雪防护。②大风致灾事件多发生在4-6月。拟建铁路吐鲁番境内柴窝铺-了墩段位于大风高值区,年均大风日60 d以上,哈密-若羌段40 d左右,塔什库尔干-阿克陶段25 d左右。建议在大风地区修建"挡风墙"并修建防护林带和保护铁路沿线现有稀疏植被。