北京市加油站油气回收治理的减排贡献及发展趋势

分析对成品油VOC排放各排放源贡献比率,对北京市显著影响的机动车排放源和加油站排放源贡献比例进行了对比。对油气回收发展趋势进行了简要分析,建议逐步推广ORVR系统,并对加油站油气回收系统的管理提出了建议。     

Occurrence and fate of typical antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants in Harbin,North-east China

• The concentration distributions and removals of 12 antibiotics were investigated. • Macrolides and fluoroquinolones presented relatively higher concentrations. • The removal of antibiotics did not differ among the different treatment processes. As a new pollutant, antibiotics in the environment and their removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have gained considerable attention. However, few studies investigated antibiotics in the north-eastern areas of China. By employing high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the concentration distribution and removal of 12 antibiotics belonging to four types (cephalosporins, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides) were investigated in influents and effluents as well as the removal efficiencies of four typical treatment processes in 18 wastewater treatment plants of Harbin City, north-eastern China. Macrolides and fluoroquinolones presented relatively higher detection concentrations and rates both in the water and in the sludge phases. Sulfonamides and cephalosporins displayed higher detection concentrations in the water phase. The representative antibiotics in influents and effluents included ROX, NOR, OFL, SMX, AZI, and CLA, with detection rates above 95%. The detection rates of the other six antibiotics exceeded 30%. In the sludge, the other five antibiotics, except SMX, presented relatively higher detection concentrations and rates, with detection rates greater than 95%. For cephalosporin, the detection rates of CTX and CFM in the sludge were 0. The removal efficiencies for the 12 antibiotics differed greatly, with average values ranging from 30% to 80% and the highest values for cephalosporin. The removal of antibiotics did not differ significantly among the four different treatment processes.     

藻红外辐射测试环境重金属急性毒性

快速、简便、有效地检测环境中重金属毒性是环境保护的一项重要内容.敏感藻是指藻红外测试中对毒物响应的温差大、种类多、时间快、剂量低的特殊藻类,为探寻对重金属急性毒性响应的敏感藻,2006年5月至2007年10月,进行了8种藻对10种重金属的温度响应测试试验.结果表明:平均响应温差短线脆杆藻(Fragilaria brevistriata)最大,为0.24 ℃,高出8种藻的0.19 ℃总平均温差0.05 ℃;较好药品响应率短线脆杆藻最高,为80%;平均响应时间短线脆杆藻居中,为4.65 min,低于8种藻的总平均响应时间5.21 min;短线脆杆藻对重金属的灵敏度在0.06～7.0 mg?L-1之间,发光细菌在0.07~15.3 mg?L-1之间,表明短线脆杆藻对重金属响应的剂量低.根据敏感藻的定义和分析结果,确定短线脆杆藻为本试验的敏感藻.     

嘉陵江出口段三类水体蓝绿硅藻优势种变化机理

三峡水库的河流型、过渡型、湖泊型水体中后两者为富营养化敏感水体,为认识富营养化敏感时期嘉陵江出口段三类水体蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、绿藻(Chlorophyta)、硅藻(Bacillariophyta)优势种变化及机理,2007年9月至2008年8月进行了三种藻类的现场调查分析.结果表明,在3～7月份,总藻种数为52种,占全年种数的66.5%,平均密度43.76×104个-L-1,为全年中最高,因此3-7月为富营养化敏感期;优势藻种类变化为河流型蓝、绿、硅藻分别为6、4、9种,过渡型的蓝、绿、硅藻分别为4、5、4种,湖泊型的蓝、绿、硅藻分别为6、5、3种;蓝、绿、硅各优势藻的平均优势度在2.5m·s-1为0.11,2.0 m·s-1为0.11,1.5 m·s-1为0.10,0.05～0.2 m·s-1为0.07,＜0.05 m·s-1为0.06.分析认为,蓝、绿、硅优藻种数变化与流速有关,优势硅藻种数与流速正相关,优势蓝、绿藻数与流速反相关;具有硅壳的硅藻需要借助流速浮动进行光合作用,适宜0.05～2.5 m·s-1水体;大型硅藻可能通过进化中的硅壳薄化来适应一定流速的水体;蓝藻、绿藻沉降系数小,有的具有气囊或鞭毛,因而易浮动进行光合作用,适宜0.2 m·s-1以下的水体;优势蓝、绿、硅藻的平均优势度与优势藻多样性负相关.随着嘉陵江出口段采样点的流速逐渐减小,优势蓝、绿、硅藻的平均优势度逐渐变小,而优势藻多样性逐渐增大.     

Carbon discharge through municipal solid waste in Haikou,China

With rapid urban development, municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a pressing issue. Estimation of carbon discharge through municipal solid waste provides a way to assess environmental load of solid waste from the viewpoint of the carbon cycle. With few studies on carbon research and provides insights into human impacts on the carbon cycle. Based on a comprehensive fieldwork investigation of a typical Chinese tourist city – Haikou City, Hainan Island – the characteristics of MSW carbon discharge and human activities that influenced it were analysed. The results indicated that, in 2001, the total carbon discharge from 261.9 Gg of MSW was 105.1 GgC per year, and 174.6 kgC per capita per annum. Carbon is discharged in the form of food scraps (24%), plastics (20%), wood (17%), fabrics (14%), paper (13%), and dust and stone (12%). If landfill received all the waste, 4.7% of MSW carbon would be transformed into methane, with a value of 4.9 GgC. Between 1991 and 1999, Haikou's per capita MSW carbon discharge increased by 59.9%, and total MSW carbon discharge increased by 124.9%. MSW carbon discharge in Haikou is significantly affected by the growth of residential expenditure and urbanisation. Local characteristics of tourism also influence Haikou's MSW carbon discharge, not only in terms of its yearly variation, but also its monthly variation. Integrating data on carbon discharge with carbon consumption will provide a systematic view of the carbon metabolism in urban ecosystems, and further insights into the generation of urban environmental pollution.     

湿解焚烧综合处理垃圾技术的原理及应用

详细介绍了湿解焚烧处理生活垃圾技术的原理和其在武汉经济技术开发区的具体应用,并简述了其在一段时间的调试和运行后表现出的优点.为国内未来垃圾气化熔融焚烧技术的推广提供了参考.     

Long-term trends of fine particulate matter and chemical composition in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ), China

Understanding the trends in PM_2.5 levels is essential for formulating clean air plans. This paper analyzes PM_2.5 data from various published sources for the years 2000 to 2010 in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ). The long-term variation in PM_2.5 mass concentration is analyzed. Results show that PM_2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and SO42− show a similar trend, increasing before 2005 and then decreasing slightly. The annual average PM_2.5 concentration ranges from 49.1 μg·m⁻³ in 2000 to 64.3 μg·m⁻³ in 2010, with a peak of 84.1 μg·m⁻³ in 2004. None of these 11 years meets the new National Ambient Air Quality standard (NAAQS) for PM_2.5 (35 μg·m⁻³). Overall average concentrations of OC, EC, and SO42− are 13.0, 6.5, and 11.8 μg·m⁻³, respectively. NO3− and NH4+ respectively have concentrations of 1.5 μg·m⁻³ and 2.9 μg·m⁻³ in 2000 and 6.4 μg·m⁻³ and 5.3 μg·m⁻³ in 2010, with a statistically significant average annual trend of+ 0.2 μg·m⁻³·yr⁻¹ and+ 0.1 μg·m⁻³·yr⁻¹. In certain geographic regions, OC and EC contribute most of the PM_2.5, while in other regions secondary water-soluble ions are more important. In general, OC and SO42− are the dominant components of PM_2.5, contributing 20.6% and 18.6%, respectively. These results provide, for the first time, a better understanding of the long-term PM_2.5 characteristics and trends, on a species-by-species basis, in the PRDEZ. The results indicate that PM_2.5 abatement needs to prioritize secondary species.     

Insights into the structural and conformational requirements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites as potential estrogens based on molecular docking

PBDEs and their metabolites are of concern due to their increasing concentrations in the environment and their toxic effects. Knowledge about the toxicological mechanisms of PBDEs and metabolites is urgently needed for further screening. The objective of the present study was to explore the structural and conformational requirements of PBDE compounds as human estrogen receptor alpha (hERα) agonists, and further screened out hERα agonists from PBDE compounds. Molecular docking and postdocking analysis were adopted to attain the aim. The obtained results revealed that PBDEs can be primarily screened for their estrogenicity using score values, hydrogen bonds interaction with amino acid residues Glu353 and/or Arg394 might be important for HO-PBDEs’ estrogenicity. For most MeO-PBDEs, hydrophobic interaction might be the key factor affecting their estrogenic activity. The current study suggested that molecular docking and postdocking analysis can serve as an efficient pre-screening technique for identifying potential estrogens.     

Dynamic analysis of the virtual ecological footprint for sustainable development of the Boao special planning area

The concept of the virtual ecological footprint (VEF) was proposed to overcome the drawbacks of existing ecological footprint (EF) calculations, and was applied to the dynamic prediction of development in the Boao special planning area. The restriction of ecological carrying capacity to the EF was quantified using the ecological carrying capacity occupation index, k, and this restriction was designed in the system dynamics model of EF. The modeling results revealed that the planning area presented 0.44 global ha ecological surplus per capita in 2004. However, a remarkable ecological deficit was predicted to occur after planning is implemented. According to the prediction, ecological deficit per capita would be 0.49 and 2.36 ha in 2010 and 2020, respectively. Strategies for regional sustainable development were proposed according to the results. To reduce adverse effects, measures related to EF and VEF, including population control, optimization of consumption pattern and land use, and ecological compensation, were proposed for the sustainable development of a planning area.     

离子色谱法测定化工废水中的醋酸

选用NJ-SA-4A型阴离子柱为分离柱、2mmol/L Na2B4O7溶液作淋洗液,建立了测定醋酸质量浓度的离子色谱法。醋酸质量浓度(ρ)在0～50.00mg/L范围内与色谱峰面积(S)呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为S=5 266 487ρ+10 173,相关系数为0.999 5,方法的检出限为0.05mg/L,加标回收率为95%～108%,相对标准偏差为0.7%。该法可用于化工废水及其他水体中醋酸质量浓度的测定。