气相色谱-质谱法检测牡蛎中有机磷农药多残留

以加速溶剂萃取、凝胶渗透色谱和固相萃取净化,利用气相色谱与质谱检测牡蛎体内有机磷残留.样品经丙酮-二氯甲烷专笔取,提取液用凝胶渗透色谱除去脂类、蛋白质和大部分的色素,再经HLB-PSA串联小柱净化.采用GC-MS定性,GG-FPD定量.方法的检测限为0.5-3.0μg·kg-1(以3倍信噪比计).加标水平为5.0-20...     

我国自然保护区生态旅游发展的存在问题及对策

我国自然保护区目前正处于高速发展过程中,同时由于人口众多、环境压力巨大等因素,我国保护区也面临了资金投入不足等问题,而合理地开展自然保护区生态旅游则是解决保护区发展存在问题的重要手段之一。文章通过详细分析我国自然保护区生态旅游概念、功能、特点及开展方式,总结了目前存在的不足和问题,提出了具体的建议对策。     

Changes in nitrogen budget and potential risk to the environment over 20 years (1990-2010) in the agroecosystems of the Haihe Basin, China

The nitrogen balance can serve as an indicator of the risk to the environment of nitrogen loss from agricultural land. To investigate the temporal and spatial changes in agricultural nitrogen application and its potential threat to the environment of the Haihe Basin in China, we used a database of county-level agricultural statistics to calculate agricultural nitrogen input, output, surplus intensity, and use efficiency. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen input increased by 51.7% from 1990 to 2000 and by 37.2% from 2000 to 2010, concomitant with increasing crop yields. Simultaneously, the nitrogen surplus intensity increased by 53.5% from 1990 to 2000 and by 16.5% from 2000 to 2010, presenting a continuously increased environmental risk. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased from 0.46 in 1990 to 0.42 in 2000 and remained constant at 0.42 in 2010, partly due to fertilizer composition and type improvement. This level indicates that more than half of nitrogen inputs are lost in agroecosystems. Our results suggest that although the improvement in fertilizer composition and types has partially offset the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, the environmental risk has still increased gradually over the past 20 years, along with the increase in crop yields and nitrogen application. It is important to achieve a better nitrogen balance through more effective management to significantly reduce the environmental risk, decrease nitrogen surplus intensity, and increase nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing crop yields.     

Seasonal variation of transport pathways and potential source areas at high inorganic nitrogen wet deposition sites in southern China

This study attempts to identify the dominant transport pathways, potential source areas, and their seasonal variation at sites with high inorganic nitrogen (IN) wet deposition flux in southern China. This is a long-term study (2010–2017) based on continuous deposition measurements at the Guangzhou urban site (GZ) and the Dinghushan Natural Reserve site (DHS) located in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. A dataset on monthly IN concentration in precipitation and wet deposition flux were provided. The average annual fluxes measured at both sites (GZ: 33.04±9.52, DHS: 20.52±10.22 kg N/(ha∙year)) were higher, while the ratios of reduced to oxidized N (GZ: 1.19±0.77, DHS: 1.25±0.84) were lower compared with the national mean level and the previous reported level throughout the PRD region. The dominant pathways were not always consistent with the highest proportional trajectory clusters. The transport pathways contributing most of deposition were identified in the north and north-northeast in the dry season and in the east-southeast, east, and south-southwest in the wet season. A weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF) value >0.3 was determined reasonably to define the potential source area. Emission within the PRD region contributed the majority (≥95% at both sites) of the IN deposition in the wet season, while the contribution outside the region increased significantly in the dry season (GZ: 27.86%, DHS: 95.26%). Our results could help create more effective policy to control precursor emissions for IN fluxes, enabling reduction of the ecological risks due to excessive nitrogen.     

悬浮填料生物膜反应器处理黑水的启动挂膜

采用自然挂膜法在低碳氮比的黑水中启动悬浮填料生物膜反应器,探讨了进水有机物和氨氮负荷率对挂膜启动的影响,分析了挂膜过程中溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、氨氮(NH4+-N)和总氮(TN)的去除转化规律及填料上附着生物量和填料生物相的变化规律。研究结果表明,在DO为1.5~2.5 mg/L、温度为(21±2) ℃等条件下可快速(43 d)启动生物硝化挂膜,SCOD、NH4+-N和TN去除率分别可达到84%、62%和46%,单个填料上的生物膜量达到0.49 g/个。进水SCOD、NH4+-N负荷率明显影响硝化细菌在填料上的成膜和生物硝化效率。研究认为,进水SCOD、NH4+-N 负荷率分别保持5.34 g/(m2·d)、1.44 g/(m2·d)左右,能够促快速挂膜并获得良好的短程硝化和同步硝化反硝化效果。     

脉冲放电等离子体烟气脱硫脱硝工业试验研究

40000～50000Nm^3／h工业试验结果表明，烟气温度75～80℃，脱硫效率〉90％，脱硝效率〉40％，烟气温度90～95℃，脱硫效率＞80％，脱硝效率＞50％；脉冲能耗＜3Wh／Nm^3；随着温度升高，SO2热化学反应效率逐渐降低；随着氨硫化学计量比增大，氨泄漏逐渐增加，烟气温度90～95℃，氨泄漏增加更为迅速。并分析了副产物的成分，阐述了脱硫脱硝的机理，并探讨了烟气排放的温度。     

城市污泥与促腐剂堆肥中壬基酚类物质的研究

城市污泥中富含具有内分泌干扰活性的壬基酚（NP）和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NP2EO、NP1EO）。污泥堆肥土地利用是国内外城市污泥最重要的处置方式。通过在污泥中添加促腐剂后堆肥发酵,进行了壬基酚类物质的变化研究,研究发现：从壬基酚二氧乙烯醚（NP2EO）、壬基酚单氧乙烯醚（NP1EO）和NP这3种物质总量的降解效果来看,好氧发酵优于厌氧发酵;好氧发酵过程中添加促腐剂对消除壬基酚和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（长链NPnEO,短链NP2EO、NP1EO）类物质是有利的。对污泥中壬基酚类物质的污染控制具有一定的指导意义。     

水温及污泥龄对生物处理系统运行的影响

水温和污泥龄对硝化作用有着重要的影响；水温和污泥龄对污泥增长量也起着主导性作用。指出水温对难降解程度有重大影响。     

Enhancement of phenanthrene adsorption on a clayey soil and clay minerals by coexisting lead or cadmium

Phenanthrene is commonly present together with heavy metals at many contaminated sites. This study investigated the influence of coexisting lead (Pb²⁺) or cadmium (Cd²⁺) on phenanthrene adsorption on soils. Batch experiments were conducted under different geochemical conditions including pH, mineral structure, organic matter content, and varying amounts of heavy metals. The results showed that the presence of heavy metals in solution at a fixed pH of 5.8 ± 0.1 enhanced phenanthrene adsorption, the extent of which was closely related to the concentrations and the electro-negativity of the metals. The enhancement on phenanthrene adsorption was positively correlated to the amount of adsorbed metals. Although Cd²⁺ is a softer Lewis acid, Pb²⁺ displayed a more significant effect as it was adsorbed to a greater extent on the soil surfaces. Thus, density of cation accumulation appears to be more influential than metal softness in enhancing phenanthrene adsorption. Moreover, with a portion of organic matter removed by heating at 550 °C, there was a stronger enhancement of phenanthrene adsorption by coexisting Pb²⁺, indicating an increasingly dominant mechanisms associated with Pb²⁺ at a lower organic matter content. Similar enhancement phenomenon was observed on bentonite and kaolinite, probably resulting from the cation-π bonding between the adsorbed soft metal cations and the aromatic ring of phenanthrene in solution. The desorption experiments further suggested that the bonding of phenanthrene adsorption was strengthened in the presence of Pb²⁺ and that a larger proportion of adsorbed phenanthrene remained on the soils (residual fraction) even after sequential methanol extractions. Further spectroscopic analyses and surface characterization are required to provide direct evidence of the formation and relative significance of cation-π bond for phenanthrene adsorption.     

聚乙烯吡啶树脂对间苯三酚的吸附性能

通过悬浮聚合的方法,合成了一种聚乙烯吡啶树脂(WH-06)。以大孔弱碱树脂D301和超高交联树脂NDA150作为参照,研究了WH-06树脂对间苯三酚的吸附性能,探讨了溶液的pH及无机盐对树脂吸附间苯三酚的影响。结果表明,WH-06树脂对间苯三酚的吸附等温线都同时满足Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,且间苯三酚在WH-06树脂上的吸附是一放热过程,能够自发进行,无机盐对WH-06吸附间苯三酚几乎无影响。