不同氧化还原条件下氯乙烯的微生物脱氯

氯乙烯是土壤和地下水中存在的污染物,其去除的有效途径之一为微生物降解.本研究在温度20℃、氯乙烯初始浓度100μmol/L条件下,对不同氧化还原条件下四氯乙烯、cis-二氯乙烯及一氯乙烯的微生物降解进行了实验.结果表明,在铁还原和碳酸氢盐存在条件下,四氯乙烯以0.26/d和0.31/d的速率分别脱氯为三氯乙烯和cis-二氯乙烯.在脂肪酸存在条件下,四氯乙烯、cis-二氯乙烯和一氯乙烯均完全脱氯为乙烯,但后两者脱氯速率(0.04/d)明显低于前者(0.57/d).在反硝化、锰还原及硫还原条件下,不同取代氯乙烯降解均不明显.当环境温度降至12℃,脱氯菌活性降低,但氯乙烯完全脱氯还原过程仍可发生.     

亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮工艺细菌形态及多样性研究

采用电镜观察和分子生物学手段16S rDNA克隆文库方法对亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮工艺中的细菌进行了形态和多样性研究,从16S rDNA克隆文库中随机挑选60(61)个克隆子进行序列测定(约500bp),对测序结果进行BLAST比对和系统发育分析.结果表明,亚硝化段内的细菌主要为球状和椭球状的氨氧化细菌,以亚硝酸氮作为进水基质时,电化学反硝化生物段内细菌主要为短杆状和椭球状的脱氮菌.亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化脱氮系统中蕴藏着特有的微生物新资源.亚硝化段细菌类群的优势顺序为β-Proteobacteria类群(60.00%)、Bacteroidetes类群(28.33%)和Chloroflexi类群(11.67%).当电化学生物反硝化段进水氮基质为亚硝氮(429～543mg.L-1)和氨氮(412～525mg.L-1)时,细菌优势类群顺序为β-Proteobacteria(78.33%)类群和ε-Proteobacteria类群(21.67%);当电化学生物反硝化段进水氮基质为亚硝氮(519～578mg.L-1)时,细菌优势类群顺序为β-Proteobacteria类群(81.97%)、ε-Proteobacteria(16.39%)类群和γ-Proteobacteria类群(1.64%);优势类群变化不大,但每种类群中细菌的种类和数量变化较大,这主要是由进水基质变化导致.     

Numerical model to quantify biogenic volatile organic compound emissions: The Pearl River Delta region as a case study

This article compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions estimated using model methods in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, one of the most developed regions in China. The developed history of BVOC emission models is presented briefly and three typical emission models are introduced and compared. The results from local studies related to BVOC emissions have been summarized. Based on this analysis, it is recommended that local researchers conduct BVOC emission studies systematically, from the assessment of model inputs, to compiling regional emission inventories to quantifying the uncertainties and evaluating the model results. Beyond that, more basic researches should be conducted in the future to close the gaps in knowledge on BVOC emission mechanisms, to develop the emission models and to refine the inventory results. This paper can provide a perspective on these aspects in the broad field of research associated with BVOC emissions in the PRD region.     

运输应激对二花脸和皮特兰猪血浆应激和代谢相关激素水平的影响

比较二花脸和皮特兰猪在2h运输过程中血浆ACTH、皮质醇、胰岛素和T3、T4水平的动态变化模式,以分析内分泌激素变化的品种特征.选用雄性二花脸猪10头,皮特兰猪6头,体重达20kg时安装颈静脉瘘管,1wk后运输试验,运输过程中不同时间点采集血样,放射免疫分析法测定血浆激素水平.上车后两品种猪ACTH水平缓慢上升,60min后达到峰值,下车后15min恢复至基础水平,运输过程中ACTH水平及变化幅度均未表现显著的品种差异;运输前皮质醇水平二花脸显著高于皮特兰猪,上车后两品种皮质醇均迅速上升,出发后15min达到峰值,下车后15min均快速恢复至基础水平,运输过程中皮特兰皮质醇上升的幅度显著高于二花脸猪;两品种胰岛素水平上车后均呈下降趋势,二花脸胰岛素水平总体上显著高于皮特兰猪;T3水平在上车后也表现快速下降,无论是T3水平还是其变化幅度均不表现显著的品种差异;皮特兰猪上车后T4水平稍微下降而二花脸猪显著下降,皮特兰T4水平总体显著高于二花脸猪.运输应激伴随血浆ACTH和皮质醇水平升高,而胰岛素、T3和T4水平下降,皮质醇水平升高的幅度能够反映猪的应激敏感性.图1参25     

天津市医疗废物处置规划及策略研究

以天津市医疗废物管理现状为研究对象,对处置方式进行深入探讨,分析目前分散处置和集中处置存在的缺陷,提出"区域集中处置"设想;并运用模糊决策模型理论,建立较完善的处置方式评价指标体系,应用模糊综合评价模型得出"区域集中处置"是最佳的医疗废物处置方式,同时提出了相应的区域集中处置策略.     

Arsenic species and leachability in the fronds of the hyperaccumulator Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.)

Arsenic speciation is important not only for understanding the mechanisms of arsenic accumulation and detoxification by hyperaccumulators, but also for designing disposal options of arsenic-rich biomass. The primary objective of this research was to understand the speciation and leachability of arsenic in the fronds of Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.), an arsenic hyperaccumulator, with an emphasis on the implications for arsenic-rich biomass disposal. Chinese brake was grown for 18 weeks in a soil spiked with 50 mg As kg(-1) as arsenate (AsO4(3-)), arsenite (AsO3(3-)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), or methylarsonic acid (MMA). Plant samples were extracted with methanol/water (1:1) and arsenic speciation was performed using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The impacts of air-drying on arsenic species and leachability in the fronds were examined in the laboratory. After 18 weeks, water-soluble arsenic in soil was mainly present as arsenate with little detectable organic species or arsenite regardless of arsenic species added to the soil. However, arsenic in the fronds was primarily present as inorganic arsenite with an average of 94%. Arsenite re-oxidation occurred in the old fronds and the excised dried tissues. Arsenic species in the fronds were slightly influenced by arsenic forms added to the soil. Air-drying of the fronds resulted in leaching of substantial amounts of arsenic. These findings can be of significance when looking at disposal options of arsenic-rich biomass from the point of view of secondary contamination.     

城镇绿地对空气质量的影响--以中山市小榄镇为例

对中山市小榄镇公园、街道、居住区等不同地区的空气质量进行了测定．结果表明：公园、苗圃、金菊花园、镇府大院和小榄中学等绿化好、总绿量大的地带，CO2浓度[Ψ(CO2)／10^-6]和含菌量(n／m^-3)明显较低，负离子浓度明显较高；街道、新永路民居、商场、工厂、车站和果菜批发市场等绿化差、总绿量小的地带，Ψ(CO2)／10^-6和含菌量明显偏高，负离子浓度明显偏低．街道上空的Ψ(CO2)与车流量之间有极显著相关关系Ψ(CO2)与人流量之间相关关系不显著．     

国内外水环境管理体制对比分析

水环境管理体制建设是一项复杂的系统工程；即使在发达国家，水环境管理模式也随着认识水平的提高与需求的不断变化，处于逐步完善的过程。本文收集了国际上在水环境管理方面比较有代表性的国家，包括美国、英国、法国、荷兰、加拿大、澳大利亚、前苏联、日本、韩国、以色列与印度等水环境管理体制方面的资料，系统分析了这些国家在国家级、流域级与区域级的水环境管理体制与主要采取的水环境管理模式；并针对我国水环境管理体制的结症所在，提出了我国水环境管理体制改革所需遵循的基本原则。     

东北土著白腐真菌处理玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的可行性探讨

青顶拟多孔菌是一种可以降解木质素的白腐真菌,也是具有较高的产漆酶能力的生产者.选择青顶拟多孔菌处理玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水,于液体培养青顶拟多孔菌中的锥形瓶中添加不同体积的废水,考察其对不同稀释比玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的处理效果,并通过研究废水投加时间的调控,获得具有高木质素降解率且相对最短降解时间的工艺条件.结果表明:青顶拟多孔菌可从废水中去除50%以上的COD_Cr和23.8%的木质素.对不同稀释比例（1%~20%）玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水中木质素具有较好的去除效果,其中稀释6%废水的体系中降解木质素效果最好,在第10天木质素降解率达到73.5%.不同废水投加时间对青顶拟多孔菌处理稀释20%废水体系中木质素的降解效果影响较大,第5天投加废水可获得理想的木质素降解效果,在试验进行的第19天降解率达到68.4%;在投加废水时间不同的情况下,经青顶拟多孔菌处理后的各体系中BOD₅/COD_Cr均有所提升,并且都提升至0.58以上,其中第9天投加废水体系经处理后BOD₅/COD_Cr最大,达到0.64.研究结果可为青顶拟多孔菌处理玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的实际应用提供参考.      

加油站埋地油罐油气爆炸事故模拟试验

为探索加油站埋地油罐油气爆炸破坏效应,搭建埋地油罐燃爆试验平台,在油罐内布置压力传感器和温度传感器,在人孔井周围布置热流传感器,向罐内注入少量汽油,利用鼓吹方式使油气浓度达到爆炸极限,通过电火花点火模拟清罐、检修过程中的爆炸事故,掌握埋地油罐、人孔井及周围环境受爆炸影响的压力冲击波和热辐射数据。结果表明,加油站发生埋地油罐敞口爆炸时,爆炸会对罐壁产生峰值强度为100~400 k Pa的冲击波。爆炸形成的火焰和冲击波向人孔井口正上方释放,不会向四周扩散。