从新疆煤炭产业布局看我国主体功能区规划实施

新疆经济发展对煤炭资源依赖程度愈发强烈,在限制开发区大力发展煤炭矿区及煤电化,不可避免地使资源环境承载压力加剧,使主体功能区规划实施效果大打折扣。在这一背景下,为了促进主体功能区规划在我国经济发展中发挥更有效的作用,本文从新疆煤炭产业布局入手,分析主体功能区规划实施中的问题,并提出改进建议。     

Wintertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the megacity Beijing: Role of photochemical and meteorological processes

Previous measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) in Asian megacities were scarce and mainly conducted for relative short periods in summer. Here, we present and analyze the measurements of PAN, O3, NOx, etc., made at an urban site(CMA) in Beijing from 25 January to 22 March 2010. The hourly concentration of PAN averaged 0.70 × 10 9mol/mol(0.23 × 10 9–3.51 × 10 9mol/mol) and was well correlated with that of NO2but not O3, indicating that the variations of the winter concentrations of PAN and O3in urban Beijing are decoupled with each other. Wind conditions and transport of air masses exert very significant impacts on O3, PAN, and other species. Air masses arriving at the site originated either from the boundary layer over the highly polluted N-S-W sector or from the free troposphere over the W-N sector. The descending free-tropospheric air was rich in O3, with an average PAN/O3ratio smaller than 0.031, while the boundary layer air over the polluted sector contained higher levels of PAN and primary pollutants, with an average PAN/O3ratio of 0.11. These facts related with transport conditions can well explain the observed PAN-O3decoupling. Photochemical production is important to PAN in the winter over Beijing. The concentration of the peroxyacetyl(PA) radical was estimated to be in the range of 0.0014 × 10 12–0.0042 × 10 12 mol/mol. The contributions of the formation reaction and thermal decomposition to PAN's variation were calculated and found to be significant even in the colder period in air over Beijing, with the production exceeding the decomposition.     

絮凝剂在河湖污泥脱水中的应用研究

河湖水质在一定程度上受河湖底泥的影响,要彻底改善水质就要对沉积的污泥进行处理。研究发现,有机高分子絮凝剂的种类及投加比例对河湖污泥脱水效果有着很大的影响。通过对特定湖泊污泥中投加不同型号、不同比例、不同用量的絮凝剂,比较其脱水效果,可以筛选出针对该种污泥的最佳絮凝剂投加使用方式,从而为污泥的大规模脱水减量化、资源化处置工程提供依据,并可大幅提高河湖污泥处置的经济效益,最终为河湖水质的改善提供了基础条件。     

不同轨道梁模型对磁悬浮车/桥垂向耦合动力响应的影响探讨

磁悬浮铁路大量采用了封闭式高架桥。目前国内的磁悬浮车 /桥动力响应研究的模型中 ,轨道梁大多假设为梁单元。笔者将分别建立梁单元和板壳元的轨道梁模型 ,通过自编车 /桥垂向耦合程序 ,探讨这两种模型在不同车速和轨道状态下对磁悬浮车辆 /桥垂向耦合动力响应的影响。笔者得出在一定车速以下梁单元轨道梁模型梁跨中挠度将稍小于板壳元轨道梁模型的梁跨中挠度 ,而车体加速度相差不大 ,说明轨道梁假设为梁单元是简单合理的 ;不同轨道状态时 ,板壳元轨道梁模型和梁单元轨道梁模型的梁跨中挠度相差不很大 ,但车体垂向加速度相差较大 ,因此 ,在不同轨道状态下轨道梁模型的选取对磁悬浮车辆 /桥动力响应的影响较大。这些研究将对磁悬浮高架线路设计和磁悬浮列车安全运行具有一定的理论指导意义。     

Effect of limited aeration on the anaerobic treatment of evaporator condensate from a sulfite pulp mill

Serious inhibition was found in the regular up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor in treating the evaporator condensate from a sulfite pulp mill, which contained high strength sulfur compounds. After applying the direct limited aeration in the UASB, the inhibition was alleviated gradually and the activity of the microorganisms was recovered. The COD removal rate increased from 40% to 80% at the organic loading rate of 8kgCODm(-3)d(-1) and a hydraulic retention time of 12h. Limited aeration caused no oxygen inhibition to the anaerobic microorganisms but instigated sulfide oxidization and H(2)S removal, which was beneficial to the methanogens. The experiment confirmed the feasibility of applying limited aeration in the anaerobic reactor to alleviate the sulfide inhibition. It also proved that the anaerobic system was actually aerotolerant. SEM observation showed that the predominant microorganisms partly changed from rod-shaped methanogens to cocci after the UASB reactor was aerated.     

中国北方城市内河水资源综合利用与调配方案研究——以胶州市城市内河为例

内河是城市的重要组成部分,而伴随着快速城镇化进程,城市内河原有的水文、生态节律都受到很大的扰动。针对胶州市水资源量相对有限、水环境质量较差的现状,以河道生态需水量理论为指导,以期通过实施科学的生态补水,逐步恢复城市内河的生态功能与城市景观功能。结果表明,胶州市城市内河以景观功能为主,经测算其生态需水量为36 486.9m3/d,而根据胶州市的相关发展规划,其污水处理厂中水回用能力为5万m3/d,可以满足生态补水工程的需求;根据生态补水工程实施后的污染物入河情况预测,实施生态补水后,胶州市城市内河水质基本达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅳ类标准,基本可消除水体黑臭等现象。     

Observed levels and trends of gaseous SO2 and HNO3 at Mt. Waliguan, China: Results from 1997 to 2009

Long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3,particularly those from the background sites,are rarely reported.We present for the first time the long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3 at Waliguan(WLG),the only global baseline station in the back-land of the Eurasian Continent.The concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 were observed at WLG from 1997 to 2009.The observed annual mean concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG were 1.28±0.41 and 0.22±0.19μg/m3,respectively.The HNO3 concentrations were much higher in warmer seasons than in colder seasons,while the SO2 concentrations showed a nearly reversed seasonal pattern.In most months,the concentration of HNO3 was significantly correlated with that of SO2,suggesting that some common factors influence the variations of both gases and the precursors of HNO3 may partially be from the SO2-emitting sources.The SO2 concentration had a very significant(P < 0.0001) decreasing trend(-0.2μg/(m3·yr)) in 1997-2002,but a significant(P < 0.05) increasing trend(+0.06 μg/(m 3 ·yr)) in 2003-2009.The HNO3 concentration showed no statistically significant trend during 1997-2009.While the decrease of SO2 in 1997-2002 agrees with the trend of global SO2 emissions,the increase in 2003-2009 is not consistent with the decreasing trends in many other regions over the world.Trajectory analysis suggests that the airmasses from the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Takla Makan Desert regions contributed significantly to the increasing trends of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG in 2003-2009,with a rate of +0.13μg/(m3·yr) and +0.007μg/(m3·yr),respectively.     

住宅小区建设项目的噪声防治对策

随着中国经济的发展和城市化进程的加快,住宅小区建设项目越来越多。本文从设计期、施工期和运行期（建成后）等不同时期着手,结合噪声污染的产生源进行分析,从设计、施工、防护等几个时期及各时期宜采取的措施等方面探讨了住宅小区项目的噪声防治对策。     

氢化物发生原子荧光法测定地表水和饮用水中的痕量砷、汞、硒

文章研究了用SK-2002 AFS analyser氢化物发生原子荧光法测定地表水和饮用水中的砷、汞、硒的测定。在5％的酸度条件下加入5％硫脲＋5％抗坏血酸,20g／L的硼氢化钾为还原剂,调整仪器的空气和辅气流量及分析条件为文中条件,取水样中分别添加砷,汞,硒,使它们的浓度分别为2μg/L,0．4μg／L,4μg／L,连续测定12次,以砷,汞,硒的相对标准偏差分别为0．4％,1．1％,1．2％。取水样加入As,Hg,Se标准分别为2．0ng,0．6ng,4．0ng,测定的添加标准回收率分别为99．5％,97．5％,95．8％。研究结果表明,该方法操作简便,快速,灵敏,干扰少,检出限低等特点,适合于测定地表水和饮用水中砷,汞,硒的测定。     

港口环境风险管理探——以天津港为例

中国是一个海洋大国,海洋和港口的环境保护得到了国家的高度重视.港口的环境风险防范管理是一个较新的研究领域,当前中国港口经济的高速增长必然带来港口环境风险的增加,对风险进行有效地评价和管理对国家的经济发展和环境保护具有重要意义.本文对天津港环境风险管理的过程进行了较为系统的探讨,分析了天津港环境风险管理技术思路和主要内容,对天津港存在的环境风险因子做了识别,并对环境风险的评估方法做了针对性总结,为港口的风险防范措施提供了一些建议.