铜陵硫铁矿基地集中开采区水文地球化学特征

铜陵是我国重要的硫铁矿基地,矿业活动对周边环境造成了较大的影响。本文对研究区的地下水环境综合指标进行了计算,利用piper三线图对地下水化学类型进行了划分,通过离子比例系数、相关性、三种矿物水溶液的饱和指数计算方法分析了地下水化学成分的形成过程,并对研究区的地下水进行了重金属污染分析。结果表明:研究区地下水普遍呈弱碱性,为淡水、软水;全区地下水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca型;地下水化学成分主要来源于碳酸盐岩溶解,伴有硅酸盐的溶解; Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)多来自阳离子交换作用; SO_4~(2-)多来自硫化物氧化,与矿业活动密切相关;地下水离子的控制因素主要为岩石风化作用;方解石相对水溶液大多处于过饱和状态,白云石和石膏相对水溶液处于非饱和状态;重金属对地下水的影响区域较小,影响区主要分布于钟鸣硫铁矿一带。     

炼油装置运行周期评估技术及应用

炼油装置运行周期评估技术通过统计、分析装置故障数据,计算特定时间段装置的可靠性,进而获得装置可靠性随时间的变化规律和装置可靠性最差设备排序。介绍了该技术在某常减压装置的应用,应用结果表明,该评估技术为科学确定炼油装置运行周期提供了决策依据。     

Occurrence and dominance of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and dissolved cylindrospermopsin in urban reservoirs used for drinking water supply,South China

The tropical cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is of particular concern for its invasive characteristics and production of the toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN). The present study represents the first attempt to determine the distribution of C. raciborskii and CYN in tropical China. The presence of C. raciborskii and CYN, as well as the composition of phytoplankton, was determined from a total of 86 samples from 25 urban reservoirs for drinking water supply in Dongguan City of South China. The presence of C. raciborskii was observed in 21 of the 25 reservoirs and confirmed that this species has been widely distributed in the investigated reservoirs. C. raciborskii accounted for between 0.1 and 90.3 % of the total phytoplankton biomass and contributed to the majority of the phytoplankton in some reservoirs such as Tangkengbian and Xiagongyan. Its biomass was negatively correlated with NO₃ ^?-N concentration and Secchi depth. Dissolved CYN was detected in more than one-half of the reservoirs with concentrations up to 8.25 μg L^?1, and it positively correlated with C. raciborskii biomass. Dissolved microcystins (MCs) were detected in 12 of the 25 reservoirs with a maximum concentration 1.99 μg L^?1. Our data strongly suggest that C. raciborskii and CYN could be important health hazards in urban reservoirs of South China and that more data are needed for further assessment.     

Winter Soil Respiration from Different Vegetation Patches in the Yellow River Delta, China

Vegetation type and density exhibited a considerable patchy distribution at very local scales in the Yellow River Delta, due to the spatial variation of soil salinity and water scarcity. We proposed that soil respiration is affected by the spatial variations in vegetation type and soil chemical properties and tested this hypothesis in three different vegetation patches (Phragmites australis, Suaeda heteroptera and bare soil) in winter (from November 2010 to April 2011). At diurnal scale, soil respiration all displayed single-peak curves and asymmetric patterns in the three vegetation patches; At seasonal scale, soil respiration all declined steadily until February, and then increased to a peak in next April. But, the magnitude of soil respiration showed significant differences among the three sites. Mean soil respiration rates in winter were 0.60, 0.45 and 0.17 μmol CO(2) m(-2) s(-1) for the Phragmites australis, Suaeda heteroptera and bare soil, respectively. The combined effect of soil temperature and soil moisture accounted for 58-68 % of the seasonal variation of winter soil respiration. The mean soil respiration revealed positive and linear correlations with total N, total N and SOC storages at 0-20 cm depth, and plant biomass among the three sites. We conclude that the patchy distribution of plant biomass and soil chemical properties (total C, total N and SOC) may affect decomposition rate of soil organic matter in winter, thereby leading to spatial variations in soil respiration.     

遗传投影寻踪回归在城市环境质量评价中的应用

引入投影降维的思想,将遗传投影寻踪与回归分析技术运用到城市环境质量评价中。将此技术与神经网络方法进行实例比较,投影寻踪回归方法不但可以合理地作出环境质量的综合评价,而且消除了神经网络方法中类别判断不够精确的影响。     

节能环保型燃烧器技术特点分析及应用

由于原广泛使用的北美燃烧器存在技术落后、安全保护措施欠缺、操作复杂、安全隐患多、节能和环保不达标等问题,为适应当前注汽锅炉安全可靠、高效经济和低污染排放的运行要求,国内稠油热采注汽锅炉逐步应用新型节能燃烧器。通过总结各类新型节能燃烧器在燃烧效率、控制理念、动态监测、节能环保、燃料保护等方面的技术性能,分析其具有燃烧效率高、节能环保、安全可靠、自动控制水平高等特点,并验证实际运行效果,展望工业燃烧器技术发展趋势,为指导燃烧器选型和技术管理提供依据和参考。     

辉县市城区环境空气质量现状及污染防治对策

对辉县市城区2006—2011年间环境空气质量监测数据进行了评价,并对城区污染物浓度时空变化进行了分析。结果表明,辉县市城区大气污染主要表现为可吸入颗粒物污染严重,主要是能源结构不合理、锅炉废气污染严重、城区道路保洁方式落后等原因造成的,由此提出了合理规划城市布局、减少结构性污染等对策。     

多孔富铁填料曝气过滤除磷机理研究

采用多孔富铁填料的曝气过滤装置具有优良的除磷性能,理论分析研究了多孔富铁填料的除磷机理,通过铁细菌测定、电镜扫描、红外光谱分析等实验对其除磷机理进行了验证。结果表明,多孔富铁填料除磷为化学除磷过程,铁的形态转化中存在铁细菌的氧化作用,沉淀物以碱式磷酸铁为主。     

超声协同TiO_2光催化降解4,4′-二溴联苯

以纳米TiO2膜为光催化剂,对4,4′-二溴联苯水溶液进行了超声光催化(US+UV)、光催化(UV)和超声(US)降解,探讨了初始浓度、超声的声强和频率等对降解4,4′-二溴联苯的影响。结果表明,4,4′-二溴联苯的超声光催化降解存在协同效应,降解率随4,4′-二溴联苯初始浓度的增大而下降,随声强和频率的增大而增大。超声光催化过程符合一级动力学方程,反应数率常数为0.011 min-1。超声光催化与光催化的降解产物不同。     

异波折板水解酸化-A~2O一体化反应器实验研究

设计了异波折板水解酸化-A2O一体化反应器,进行生活污水处理的实验研究。10个月的实验结果表明,系统的最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为8 h时,最适COD进水浓度为240~600 mg/L,最佳混合液回流比(r)-污泥回流比(R)为250%~100%。控制反应器于以上运行参数下,25±2℃所对应的COD、TN和TP去除率分别为96.84%、67.55%和81.92%。当温度降至7℃时,其COD、TP和TN分别降至86.35%、50.25%和65.68%。基于实验分析结果,阐明了一体化反应器高效性的机理在于异波折板水解酸化段具有高效传质特性和A2O段具有复合式活性污泥-接触氧化好氧池的特点。