风险评价在危险化学品从业单位安全标准化中的应用

通过确定评价准则、评价范围与目标、危害辨识、风险评价等内容,阐述了风险评价在安全标准化中的应用情况,并结合实际,指出了目前危险化学品从业单位在具体实施“风险管理”要素时存在的一些问题,并提出应注意的事项。     

KTV、慢摇吧等娱乐场所噪声治理方法研究

近年来,随着KTV,慢摇吧等娱乐场所的增加,娱乐场所带来的噪声扰民问题也日益突出。由于业主、施工单位等缺乏隔声降噪的专业知识,使得这一问题没有很好解决。本文通过对这类噪声的特性分析,根据其具有低频为主、穿透力强、不易衰减等特点,结合工程实例,从提高顶棚、侧墙的隔声量,结构上多采用弹性连接及增加阻尼等角度提出几点治理方法。以隔声、隔振为主,控制这类噪声通过空气传声与固体传声等途径向周围居民区传播。     

湖南省雷电特征及闪电数据分析

湖南是雷暴多发区,雷暴分布是南多北少,西多东少。近35年地面雷暴观测数据显示,全省年平均雷暴数呈下降趋势。湖南闪电以负地闪为主,占总地闪的94．59％,平均闪电强度随着海拔高度的增加而加大,长沙、韶山为闪电强度低值中心。一天中13～20时是闪电高发期,正地闪的平均能量要大于负地闪。     

高含盐废水排放杭州湾数值模拟与排放总量控制研究

我国现有的环境排放标准中,对排放污水中的盐度或总盐量没有进行控制,而国外早已关注高含盐废水排放对环境的影响.国际上目前通行的做法是根据受纳水域实际情况,规定总盐量排放限值.判断高含盐废水是否对环境产生影响,主要依据受纳水域总盐量是否发生明显变化(过高或过低)而定.为准确控制高含盐废水排放,采用远场数学模型与近区稀释扩散模型相结合的方法,对上海市化工区污水处理厂的高含盐废水排放杭州湾的环境影响进行了数值模拟计算研究.结果表明根据杭州湾北部海域不同水期的盐度变化规律和渔业资源现状,确定了含盐废水排放形成的潮平均盐升超过最大允许盐升(丰水期≤3‰,平水期≤2‰,枯水期≤1‰)的范围为高盐水混合区,高盐水混合区面积小于1.5km2;在90%保证率的枯季设计水文条件下,满足化工区排污口高盐水混合区要求的盐量最大允许排放量为15.5万t/d;当化工区排污口分别达到近期、中期、远期规划排放量(5、10、20万t/d)时,满足排污扩散器控制指标(COD)初始稀释能力要求的最大允许排放盐度分别应小于65‰、47‰、40‰,相应的允许总排盐量为3250、4700、8000t/d.     

长江口及毗邻海域水质和生态动力学模型与应用研究

为系统地实施污染控制和生态保护措施,国家环保总局从2005年起组织开展"长江口及毗邻海域碧海行动计划"调查与研究工作.评估行动计划实施效果,开展海域水质和生态动力学模型研究是十分必要的.在长江口及毗邻海域流场、盐度场、温度场和泥沙场模型的基础上建立了二维水质模型,主要模拟指标为高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、无机氮、无机磷,通过2005年夏季和秋季实测水质资料进行了模型的验证和率定,确定了污染物的综合降解参数,利用二维水质模型进行设计水文条件下33个概化排污口控制污染物的水质响应系数场的模拟计算,为海域容量计算和总量分配奠定了基础.建立了长江口及毗邻海域三维生态动力学模型,利用三维生态模型对应用水质模型计算得出的总量控制方案进行了校验模拟.结果表明实施全海区功能达标控制方案后,原赤潮易发区叶绿素浓度值显著降低,叶绿素高浓度区域面积基本消失,中高浓度区域的面积也由现状方案约1万km2减少了90%.     

Analysis of Coupling between Soil and Water Conservation and Economic-social Development

Abstract

The coupling relation exists in water and soil conservation and economic-social development. The article analyses the relation of soil and water conservation and economic-social development stages as well as the coupling analytical method. Then calculates the expecting income by dispersing Markov decision and calculates the correlation coefficient and the relationship degree. The article obtains the relationship of soil and water conservation investments and all kinds of incomes. Finally, it analyzes the important meaning in socio-economic development of water and soil conservation.     

Dynamics of the Coordination of Economy-Society and Resource-Environment in Shandong Peninsula,China

Abstract

Shandong Peninsula, as a more developed region in Shandong Province even the east coast of China, is facing challenges from resources and environment pressures. This paper tried to track and assess the coordination status and the dynamic between resource-environment and economy-society systems in Shandong Peninsula during 2001—2008 in order to provide decision support for regional sustainability. An appraisal index system was built including five aspects of harmony degree (A), sustainability degree (B), opening degree (C), stability degree (D) and controllability degree (E). The results showed that: 1) The coordination level of resource-environment and economy-society in Shandong Peninsula has continuously grown, and it has undergone three stages: no coordinated degree (2001–2002), weak coordinated degree (2003–2006) and basically coordinated degree (2007– 2008). 2) Five indexes of criterion hierarchy also increased overall, but each index showed different trends. Harmony degree, sustainability degree and opening degree rose all the time, while stability degree and controllability degree alternately rose and fell. The improvement of controllability degree was the slowest. 3) The aggravating trend of environmental pollution was slowing down. The economic growth was driven by industrial growth and urbanization typically and investment was still the main force to pull the regional economic growth. At the same time, technology and education were becoming more and more important for economic growth. The level of foreign capital utility declined and the geographical advantage of Shandong Peninsula was exerted. Meanwhile some characteristics of knowledge economy were presenting. Water resources become the main constraint factor of fast development in Shandong Peninsula. It is necessary to further strengthen the coordination ability of government on regional sustainable development.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution on soybean stalk-based carbon

Soybean [ (L.) Merr.] stalk-based carbons were prepared by phosphoric acid activation at different carbonization temperatures. Characteristics of the prepared carbon, including specific surface area, iodine number, and amount of methylene blue sorption, were determined. Experiments on phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene, as representatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), removal from aqueous solution by the prepared carbon were conducted at different levels of carbon addition. The results indicated that the specific surface area, iodine number, and amount of methylene blue sorption increased with an increase of carbonization temperature. The maximum values were observed at 700°C and were 287.63 m g, 508.99 mg g, and 90.14 mg g, respectively. The removal efficiencies of phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene tended to increase with increasing carbon amounts and carbonization temperature. The optimal removal performance was obtained under the experimental conditions of carbon concentrations of 0.04 g 32 mL and carbonization temperature of 700°C, and the removal efficiencies of phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene were 99.89, 100, and 95.64%, respectively. The performance of the prepared carbon was superior to that of commercial activated carbon. Additionally, for the same carbon concentrations, the removal efficiency of PAHs on prepared carbons followed the order: phenanthrene > naphthalene > acenaphthene. Results obtained from this work provide some insight into the reuse of an agricultural residue, and also provide a new application for the treatment of PAHs in contaminated water utilizing activated carbon prepared from agricultural residues.     

提高水中BOD5测定质量的探讨

介绍了环境空气质量、分析用水、接种液加入量、曝气方法的选择等因素对BOD5测定的影响。提出测定过程中实验室空气质量、分析用水的选择、接种液的选择和加入量以及曝气方法应注意事项,以期得到较为准确的测定结果,提高废水中BOD5测定质量。     

类二噁英多氯联苯生殖毒性的研究进展

类二噁英多氯联苯(DlPCBs)作为典型的环境内分泌干扰物,会干扰接触个体或其后代的内分泌功能,破坏机体的神经系统、免疫系统,尤其对生殖系统的影响最为明显,比如对生殖器官的形态与功能、生殖内分泌、原始生殖细胞及其受精和早期胚胎发育等产生严重影响,最终导致各种生殖系统疾病的发生。DlPCBs的蓄积性及半挥发性使其在环境中分布广泛,半衰期长的特点使其将对动物及人类的生存和健康造成难以想象的影响。本文综述了DlPCBs的分类与构成、一般性质、生殖毒性以及其可能的致病机理,并对DlPCBs生殖毒性机理研究的重点方向进行了展望。