泥浆体系中受喹啉污染土壤的生物修复

将受喹啉污染的土壤 (污染量为 1mg/g土)与一定量的水混合形成泥浆 ,通过引入专性喹啉降解菌皮氏伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia pickettii)进行土壤的生物修复 .结果表明 ,采用引入喹啉降解菌的生物强化技术进行受喹啉污染的土壤的生物修复是可行的 .喹啉降解菌的引入大大加快了喹啉的生物降解过程 .最快只需 6h就可将喹啉完全去除 .考察比较了投菌量 ,泥浆中的含水量及营养元素(N,P)的存在对生物修复效果的影响 .土壤对难降解有机物喹啉的吸附等温线符合弗兰德里希方程 .     

分级燃烧中固体吸附剂对痕量金属排放的影响

在一维煤粉燃烧炉上进行了烟煤添加不同吸附剂的分级燃烧试验.试验过程中保持总的空气过剩系数a为1.20,分级风量占总风量的20%,炉内温度为1100℃左右.试验发现分级燃烧会增加亚微米颗粒排放,不利于对痕量重金属元素的控制,尤其对挥发性大的元素(如Cu和Ni)影响越明显.热力学计算也表明不同气氛下痕量元素的形态变化过程有很大差异,还原气氛下痕量元素会生成不稳定的次氧化物和还原性产物.固体吸附剂对煤中重金属的排放具有吸附作用,并且不同的吸附剂对不同的痕量元素的吸附效果各不相同,不分级时,对Co,Cr,Ni元素来说,高岭土的吸附效果最好;对Be元素,灰质白云石效果最好;CaO则对Cu元素的吸附效果最好.而在分级情况下,对元素Be,Cr,Ni,灰质白云石的效果最好;对Co和Cu,高岭土的吸附最好.     

粉煤灰-土壤系统对沤麻废水的处理效果

将由粉煤灰-土壤过滤后的沤麻废水收集,定期测定收集到的废水的COD值,研究粉煤灰-土壤对沤麻废水的处理效果,结果表明:3种规模的粉煤灰-土壤对沤麻废水的COD平均去除率分别达到84%,77.6%和72.3%,且随着土壤深度的增加COD的去除率有所增加,试验取得了一定的效果。     

重大生态工程规划设计的理论探讨

生态问题已成为阻碍我国经济社会可持续发展的主要屏障,解决生态问题的主要途径是实施生态治理工程。我国开展的诸多生态治理工程以退耕还林还草工程最为典型,由于相关理论研究长期滞后于生产实践需求导致该工程在推进过程中“边实施、边调整、边总结”。论文剖析了退耕还林还草工程不同阶段出现的问题以及国家采取的相应对策。通过理论分析指出生态问题是经济社会系统内部矛盾的外在表现,生态治理工程既要解决生态退化及危害,又要解决诱发生态问题的经济社会内部矛盾;生态工程设计需要生态学、经济学、社会学等相关学科的理论支撑。重大生态工程设计之初需要考虑技术储备、工程成本、成果稳定性（经济社会系统内部矛盾解决程度）、推广性、综合效益、政策及法律法规搭配等问题以达到“内外兼治”的效果,避免因“边实施、边调整、边总结”带来的工程风险和浪费,最终保障工程目标的实现。     

Fe-Ni-Si三元合金辐照诱发的Ni-Si团簇形核及生长演变机制

目的 探索辐照条件下Ni与Si元素的相互作用对RPV合金中团簇形成演变的影响.方法 对PRV合金的三元模型合金Fe-Ni-Si做离子辐照实验,并采用原子探针技术对团簇进行分析,采用纳米压痕技术进行硬度分析.结果 纳米压痕的结果表明,材料的硬度随辐照剂量的升高而增大.原子探针结果表明,辐照后材料中产生了Ni-Si溶质团簇...     

某生物质电厂周边农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及生态安全评价

为了解与评价某生物质电厂周边农田土壤多环芳烃的污染状况,按照点源扇形布点原则,在电厂周边4个方位不同距离布点,在远离电厂区域设置对照点.参照《土壤环境监测技术规范》(HJ/T 166—2004)采样,共采集25个农田土壤样品.取经过处理的样品5.00 g,用乙腈超声提取、浓缩后,HPLC法测定15种PAHs的含量.描述其空间分布特征,采用特征污染物分析、环数分析、异构体比值分析及聚类分析等方法解析污染来源,运用荷兰分级标准评价法进行生态安全评价.结果显示生物质电厂周边农田土壤中15种PAHs总量为311μg·kg~(-1)(204～576μg·kg~(-1)),TEQ(BaP)为21.9μg·kg~(-1)(4.39～58.1μg·kg~(-1)),明显高于对照区的193μg·kg~(-1)(76.1～329μg·kg~(-1))和12.7μg·kg~(-1)(0.499～31.9μg·kg~(-1)).在常年主导风向下风向,BaP、PAHs总量和TEQ(BaP)随烟囱距离的增加呈抛物线趋势分布,最大值在距电厂1000 m处.生物质电厂周边农田土壤中高环PAHs组分高于对照区和燃煤电厂周边,生物质燃烧是该区域PAHs的主要来源.生物质电厂周边农田土壤中BaP、∑PAHs和TEQ(BaP)高于燃煤电厂和医疗垃圾焚烧厂,存在不容忽视的生态风险.     

Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility 10 km and RH(relative humidity) 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA(sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA(secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO2-+4, NO-3, NH4 and SOA were 49.8(± 31.6), 31.4(±22.3), 25.8(±16.6) and 8.9(±4.1) μg/m3, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO2-4,NO-3, NH+4, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM10 during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM10 rose to about27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM10 mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR(sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR(nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO2 to SO2-4and NO2 to NO-3, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake in North China

Persistent organochlorine compounds, including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake, North China. Total concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in surface water were in the range of 3.13-10.60, 4.05-20.59 and 19.46-131.62 ng/L, respectively, and total concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in sediments were 1.75-5.70, 0.91-6.48 and 5.96-29.61 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Among the groups of HCHs (sum of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH and δ-HCH) and DDTs (sum of DDT, DDD and DDE), the predominance of β-HCH, DDE and DDD in water and sediment samples was clearly observed. This observation suggested that β-HCH was resistant to biodegradation and the DDTs had been transformed to its metabolites, DDE and DDD. For PCBs, penta-, hexa- and hepta-chlorinated congeners were the most abundant compounds in the both phases. Furthermore, the partitioning of chlorinated compounds between sediment and water was investigated to understand their transport and fates in aquatic ecosystems. The results indicated that average logs of organic carbon-normalized sediment-water partition coefficients (logK_oc') for OCPs varied between 3.20 and 5.53, and for PCBs, logK_oc' values ranged from 3.19 to 5.57. The observed logK_oc' was lower than their equilibrium logK_oc predicted from linear model, which may be attributed to the solubility enhancement effect of colloidal matter in water phase and the disequilibrium between sediment and water.     

厦门冬春季大气VOCs的污染特征及臭氧生成潜势

2014年1~4月在厦门市城区和郊区开展冬春季节大气样品的采集,采用大气预浓缩系统与GC/MS联用技术定量了48种大气挥发性有机物(VOCs),对比分析了冬春季城区和郊区大气VOCs的污染特征,并利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)估算了大气VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP).结果表明,冬季厦门城区和郊区大气中VOCs的平均体积分数分别为11.13×10-9和7.17×10-9,春季厦门城区和郊区大气中VOCs的平均体积分数分别为24.88×10-9和11.27×10-9,且均表现为烷烃芳香烃烯烃.通过B/T值探讨城区和郊区VOCs的来源发现,机动车和溶剂挥发是城区VOCs的主要来源,郊区VOCs除了局地源的贡献外,还受到外来污染物扩散传输的影响.城、郊区的主要VOCs包括丙烯、正丁烷、异丁烷、正戊烷、异戊烷、正己烷、苯、甲苯、乙苯和间对二甲苯,这10种组分对两地VOCs的贡献表现为春季(城区和郊区分别为62.83%和53.74%)高于冬季(城区和郊区分别为61.57%和45.83%).城、郊区VOCs的臭氧生成潜势分析显示,芳香烃的相对贡献率最大,其次是烯烃,烷烃最小.C3、C4类烯烃和苯系物是厦门城区和郊区活性较高的物种,对臭氧的贡献较大.比较观测期间城区和郊区VOCs的平均MIR值可知,郊区VOCs的活性高于城区.     

Mn1-yNiyOx的制备及其催化燃烧甲苯性能的研究

通过水热共沉淀法制备了Mn_1-yNi_yO_x复合氧化物催化剂(y=0.1~0.5),考察掺杂Ni对Mn基氧化物在甲苯燃烧中的影响,在获得最优锰镍比例后,对其热稳定性与耐久性进行测试,然后通过XRD、N₂吸脱附、SEM、H₂-TPR以及XPS对其物理结构和氧化还原性能进行表征.结果表明,Mn和Ni在甲苯吸附和活化中产生相互作用,生成更多的Mn⁴⁺以及表面吸附氧,提供大量的反应活性位点,增强了催化氧化性能.Mn_0.8Ni_0.2O_x在甲苯催化燃烧中表现出的催化性能最好,其热稳定性与耐久性也表现优异,与MnO_x在甲苯催化燃烧中相比,其T₅₀、T₉₀分别下降12和11 ℃,在238℃即可将甲苯完全氧化,并且碳平衡值约为99%,无二次污染产生,该研究成果可为挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)催化燃烧提供更好的方式和材料.