混合溶剂的闪点变化规律探析

为考察不同类型溶剂对混合液易燃特性的影响,探索混合溶剂闪点的变化规律,分别将不燃溶剂、阻燃型溶剂、高闪点溶剂及低闪点溶剂与乙醇按不同比例混合,采用闭杯闪点测试仪进行混合液的闪点测试。研究结果表明,添加不燃或阻燃溶剂时,混合液闪点整体呈现逐渐升高趋势,不燃或阻燃溶剂易于提高混合溶剂的安全性能,当不燃或阻燃溶剂体积分数超过0.7以上时,混合液闪点提高幅度较大;添加可燃溶剂时,可燃溶剂的结构不同,对混合液的燃烧特性影响也不同,添加高闪点溶剂可能提高混合液闪点,也可能降低混合液闪点;而添加低闪点溶剂,降低混合液闪点,甚至可能比混合液任一组分闪点值都低;因此选用混合溶剂时,不能盲目,需要严格关注其混合后易燃特性参数的变化。     

污泥中汞的存在形态及其在干化过程中的动态变化

在测定市政污泥、印染污泥和造纸污泥中汞含量及其存在形态分布特征的基础上,通过模拟实验,系统研究了不同类型污泥中汞存在形态在干化过程中的动态变化,同时分析了污泥中汞含量和各存在形态发生变化的原因.结果表明,市政污泥的汞含量依次大于印染污泥和造纸污泥;污泥中无酸溶态汞和可还原态汞,只存在可氧化态汞和残渣态汞;被试污泥在25~100℃干化时,含水率降低不会导致汞的析出;在100~200℃干化时,污泥中汞含量随温度的升高呈现出缓慢降低的趋势;当干化温度200~300℃时,随污泥中有机质和硫化物的分解,可氧化态汞消失;当干化温度达到400℃时,污泥中汞不复存在.     

如何搞好国有大中型亏损企业的环境保护工作

本文揭示了目前在国有大中型亏损企业中开展环境保护工作的困难与问题，指出这是关系到实现我国中目标的重大课题，并提出了一系列搞好国有大中型亏 企业环境工作的对策和措施，希望能引起社会各界特别是国有大中型企业领导们的重视。     

清代综合治理黄河下游水患的系统科学思想

利用清代在治黄斗争中留下的历史文献, 对清代治理黄河的系统科学思想进行初步的研究与总结, 目的是鉴古知今, 为当代治理好黄河提供借鉴与创意。     

许昌市浅层地下水中离子总量与电导率间关系的研究

通过实验,用回归分析法,研究了许昌市浅层地下水中离子总量与电导率间的定量关系,可用电导法快速了解水质中的离子总量和衡量水质全分析中主要被测离子总和的质量.     

用灰色系统理论对新疆主要河流水质进行预测和分析

在对新疆河流水质现状进行分析评价的基础上,用GM(1,1)模型对今后五年内的河流水质进行了预测。     

微电解技术在工业废水处理中的应用进展

概述了近年来传统铁碳微电解法在难降解工业废水预处理、污泥处理和重金属去除、低浓度废水处理等领域的研究进展,介绍了通过在铁碳微电解体系中投加其他金属以催化反应的改性微电解法的废水处理效果,以及微电解与电场强化、微波强化、Fenton氧化、生物处理、物化法等其他工艺联合技术在废水处理中的应用现状,探讨了相关微电解技术存在的问题及未来的发展方向。     

Total versus urban: Well-to-wheels assessment of criteria pollutant emissions from various vehicle/fuel systems

The potential impact on the environment of alternative vehicle/fuel systems needs to be evaluated, especially with respect to human health effects resulting from air pollution. We used the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model to examine the well-to-wheels (WTW) emissions of five criteria pollutants (VOCs, NO_x, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and CO) for nine vehicle/fuel systems: (1) conventional gasoline vehicles; (2) conventional diesel vehicles; (3) ethanol (E85) flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) fueled with corn-based ethanol; (4) E85 FFVs fueled with switchgrass-based ethanol; (5) gasoline hybrid vehicles (HEVs); (6) diesel HEVs; (7) electric vehicles (EVs) charged using the average U.S. generation mix; (8) EVs charged using the California generation mix; and (9) hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Pollutant emissions were separated into total and urban emissions to differentiate the locations of emissions, and emissions were presented by sources. The results show that WTW emissions of the vehicle/fuel systems differ significantly, in terms of not only the amounts but also with respect to locations and sources, both of which are important in evaluating alternative vehicle/fuel systems. E85 FFVs increase total emissions but reduce urban emissions by up to 30% because the majority of emissions are released from farming equipment, fertilizer manufacture, and ethanol plants, all of which are located in rural areas. HEVs reduce both total and urban emissions because of the improved fuel economy and lower emissions. While EVs significantly reduce total emissions of VOCs and CO by more than 90%, they increase total emissions of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 by 35–325%. However, EVs can reduce urban PM emissions by more than 40%. FCVs reduce VOCs, CO, and NO_x emissions, but they increase both total and urban PM emissions because of the high process emissions that occur during hydrogen production. This study emphasizes the importance of specifying a thorough life-cycle emissions inventory that can account for both the locations and sources of the emissions to assist in achieving a fair comparison of alternative vehicle/fuel options in terms of their environmental impacts.     

抗静电织物的研究及其发展应用

本文介绍了抗静电织物的分类和发展状况,对抗静电机理进行剖析。阐述了织物抗静电性能的测试方法,继而对其在生活中的应用进行探讨,最后对其发展的前景进行展望。