抗静电织物的研究及其发展应用

本文介绍了抗静电织物的分类和发展状况,对抗静电机理进行剖析。阐述了织物抗静电性能的测试方法,继而对其在生活中的应用进行探讨,最后对其发展的前景进行展望。     

黄河兰州段悬移质泥沙对氨氮的吸附特性

实验研究了黄河兰州段不同粒径的悬浮泥沙对氨氮的吸附行为,拟阐释黄河兰州段水质自净的机制。通过分析探讨了含沙量、氨氮初始浓度、泥沙粒径和化学成分对氨氮吸附过程的影响。结果表明,准二级动力学方程和Langmuir模型能够较好地描述黄河兰州段不同粒径泥沙的吸附动力学和等温吸附过程(R20.9);含沙量对泥沙吸附氨氮作用具有显著影响,且氨氮吸附量和平衡时间与含沙量呈明显负相关性;氨氮初始浓度与氨氮吸附量及平衡时间呈正相关性;同时,泥沙颗粒越细,吸附氨氮的能力越强,吸附容量越大,反应的自发程度越高。此外,泥沙有机质、Fe2O3、Al2O3和MgO的含量随粒径减小而增大,它们对单位质量泥沙最大吸附量(Sm)具有正效应。泥沙的吸附在黄河兰州段水质自净过程中起着一定的促进作用。     

核桃果皮炭粉对3种重金属离子吸附的影响

采用均匀设计的实验方法,研究了2种核桃果皮炭粉(提取水溶性混合物和未提取水溶性混合物的核桃皮炭粉)对Cr、Cu和Cd等重金属离子的吸附最优条件以及对3种离子吸附的影响因素。结果表明,核桃皮炭粉对Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd2+和Cu2+的吸附最优条件为:pH=4,温度为60℃,浓度为150μg/mL,吸附剂用量为2.4 g,时间为120 min;pH=4.5,温度为30℃,浓度为180μg/mL,吸附剂用量为5.4 g,时间为60 min;pH=5,温度为80℃,浓度为210μg/mL,吸附剂用量为0.4 g,时间为100 min;pH和Cr(Ⅵ)浓度增大,不利于2种吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附;pH和温度增大,不利于2种吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附;温度和吸附剂用量增加,有利于2种吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附。未提取水溶性混合物比提取水溶性混合物的核桃果皮炭粉对3种金属的吸附显著。2种吸附剂的吸附率均表现为Cr>Cd>Cu。     

空速和二氧化碳对沼气脱硫剂硫容确定的影响

为了弄清空速与二氧化碳含量对氧化铁脱硫剂硫容确定的影响,分别在实验气源为纯硫化氢,空速为40、80、120和160 h-1以及实验气源为二氧化碳含量分别在0%、20%、40%和80%,其余为硫化氢,空速为80 h-1条件下,对T502(粗脱硫剂)和HXT-2(精脱硫剂)2种氧化铁脱硫剂进行了不同测试条件对氧化铁硫容确定影响的研究。研究结果表明,T502和HXT-2氧化铁脱硫剂硫容测试结果随着空速和二氧化碳含量增加而减少,结果显示了在空速较低条件下(120h-1),二氧化碳含量在40%以下时对氧化铁脱硫剂硫容测试结果影响不大,但二氧化碳含量在40%以上时,对氧化铁脱硫剂硫容测试结果影响显著。     

好氧颗粒污泥法处理石化废水

实验以吉林石化污水处理厂初沉池出水为原水在SBR中培养好氧颗粒污泥。实验初期,依次以比例为40%、60%的含石化废水的培养液进行培养,于第15天SBR中出现颗粒污泥,此后直接采用石化废水培养,同时逐步缩短沉降时间,第27天起反应器出水稳定,COD去除率达到89%,TN、NH3-N和TP去除率分别达到56%、86%和90%。采用此方法培养的颗粒污泥平均粒径约为1.3 mm,外表棕黄色,颗粒表面粗糙,在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下观察到好氧颗粒污泥主要由杆状菌和丝状菌组成,颗粒内部存在若干孔隙。研究结果表明,在SBR中通过逐步增加石化废水进水比例,缩短沉降时间可以快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥,好氧颗粒污泥处理石化废水效果良好。     

A 100-year sedimentary record of natural and anthropogenic impacts on a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu, China

In this study, the sediment profiles of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratios, total phosphorus, N/P ratios, C/P ratios, particle sizes, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ(13)C and δ(15)N) were used to investigate natural and anthropogenic impacts on Lake Chaohu over the past 100 years. Before 1960, Lake Chaohu experienced low productivity and a relatively steady and low nutrient input. The increasing concentration and fluxes of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, together with changes in the δ(13)C and δ(15)N of organic material in the sediment cores, suggested that the anthropogenic effects on trophic status first started because of an increase in nutrient input caused by a population increase in the drainage area. With the construction of the Chaohu Dam, an increase in the utilization of fertilizer and the population growth which occurred since 1960, stable depositional conditions and increasing nutrient input resulted in a dominantly algae-derived organic matter source and high productivity. Nutrient input increased most significantly around 1980 following the rapidly growing population, with concomitant urbanization, industrial and agricultural development. This study also revealed that the concentration and distribution of nutrients varied between different areas of sediment within Lake Chaohu because of the influence of different drainage basins and pollution sources.     

Risk assessment and monitoring of dinotefuran and its metabolites for Chinese consumption of apples

Residues of dinotefuran and its metabolites, 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl)urea (UF) and 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl)guanidine (DN), in apple were investigated using a “QuEChERS” (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) pretreatment and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) of dinotefuran, UF, and DN in apples were 0.011–0.960 and 0.037–3.200 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of dinotefuran, UF, and DN in apple ranged from 70.0 to 83.6% with relative standard deviations less than 13%. A formulation of 20% water-dispersible dinotefuran granules was sprayed at 1–1.5-fold the recommended dose 3–4 times on apple trees. Total terminal residues of dinotefuran in apple were less than 2 mg/kg, which is the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by Japan. When following the recommended application guidelines, dinotefuran is unlikely to present significant health concerns to the Chinese population because the risk quotient (RQ) is less than 100%. This work could provide guidance for the safe use of dinotefuran and serve as a reference for the establishment of a maximum residue limit of dinotefuran in apple in China.     

Effects of lead and cadmium exposure from electronic waste on child physical growth

Many studies indicate that lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) exposure may alter bone development through both direct and indirect mechanisms, increasing the risk of osteoporosis later in life. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between Pb and Cd exposure, physical growth, and bone and calcium metabolism in children of an electronic waste (e-waste) processing area. We recruited 246 children (3–8 years) in a kindergarten located in Guiyu, China. Blood lead levels (BLLs) and blood cadmium levels (BCLs) of recruited children were measured as biomarkers for exposure. Serum calcium, osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, and urinary deoxypyridinoline were used as biomarkers for bone and calcium metabolism. Physical indexes such as height, weight, and head and chest circumference were also measured. The mean values of BLLs and BCLs obtained were 7.30 μg/dL and 0.69 μg/L, respectively. The average of BCLs increased with age. In multiple linear regression analysis, BLLs were negatively correlated with both height and weight, and positively correlated with bone resorption biomarkers. Neither bone nor calcium metabolic biomarkers showed significant correlation with cadmium. Childhood lead exposure affected both physical development and increased bone resorption of children in Guiyu. Primitive e-waste recycling may threaten the health of children with elevated BLL which may eventually cause adult osteoporosis.     

混合胺MEA＋DETA吸收CO2的影响因素

以MEA为主体,DETA为添加剂,考察1h内,在温度298～338K,压力300～700kPa,混合胺溶液初始浓度（质量分数）4％～20％范围内,MEA＋DETA不同配比的混合吸收剂吸收CO2的特性。获得MEA＋DETA混合胺吸收CO2的最佳吸收条件为：308K、500kPa、总胺质量浓度为20％,MEA与DETA的配比为8：2。     

添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟齐对堆肥的影响

通过在高温好氧堆肥中分别添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂,研究接种3％o的VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂促进堆肥的作用效果。结果表明,接种VT菌剂的处理与空白和接种有机物料腐熟剂的处理相比,堆肥初期升温更快;高温期更长;堆肥结束时,C／N降低的多,NO3-N增加的多,NH4-N挥发的少,接种VT菌剂和VT有机物料腐熟剂都可促进有机质的充分降解,缩短堆肥时间,加快堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥肥力。