Cytotoxicity of the soluble and insoluble fractions of atmospheric fine particulate matter

Inhaled atmospheric fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) includes soluble and insoluble fractions,and each fraction can interact with cells and cause adverse effects.PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Jinan,China,and the soluble and insoluble fractions were separated.According to physiochemical characterization,the soluble fraction mainly contains watersoluble ions and organic acids,and the insoluble fraction mainly contains kaolinite,calcium carbonate and some organic carbon.The interaction between PM_(2.5) and model cell membranes was examined with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation(QCM-D) to quantify PM_(2.5) attachment on membranes and membrane disruption.The cytotoxicity of the total PM_(2.5) and the soluble and insoluble fractions,was investigated.Negatively charged PM_(2.5) can adhere to the positively charged membranes and disrupt them.PM_(2.5)also adheres to negatively charged membranes but does not cause membrane rupture.Therefore,electrostatic repulsion does not prevent PM_(2.5) attachment,but electrostatic attraction induces remarkable membrane rupture.The human lung epithelial cell line A549 was used for cytotoxicity assessment.The detected membrane leakage,cellular swelling and blebbing indicated a cell necrosis process.Moreover,the insoluble PM_(2.5) fraction caused a higher cell mortality and more serious cell membrane damage than the soluble fraction.The levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS) enhanced by the two fractions were not significantly different.The findings provide more information to better understand the mechanism of PM_(2.5) cytotoxicity and the effect of PM_(2.5) solubility on cytotoxicity.     

Effect of NOx and SO2 on the photooxidation of methylglyoxal: Implications in secondary aerosol formation

Methylglyoxal(CH_3COCHO,MG),which is one of the most abundant α-dicarbonyl compounds in the atmosphere,has been reported as a major source of secondary organic aerosol(SOA).In this work,the reaction of MG with hydroxyl radicals was studied in a 500 L smog chamber at(293±3) K,atmospheric pressure,(18±2)% relative humidity,and under different NOx and SO_2.Particle size distribution was measured by using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) and the results showed that the addition of SO_2 can promote SOA formation,while different NOx concentrations have different influences on SOA production.High NOx suppressed the SOA formation,whereas the particle mass concentration,particle number concentration and particle geometric mean diameter increased with the increasing NOx concentration at low NOx concentration in the presence of SO_2.In addition,the products of the OH-initiated oxidation of MG and the functional groups of the particle phase in the MG/OH/SO_2 and MG/OH/NOx/SO_2 reaction systems were detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC-MS) and attenuated total reflection fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR) analysis.Two products,glyoxylic acid and oxalic acid,were detected by GC-MS.The mechanism of the reaction of MG and OH radicals that follows two main pathways,H atom abstraction and hydration,is proposed.Evidence is provided for the formation of organic nitrates and organic sulfate in particle phase from IR spectra.Incorporation of NOx and SO_2 influence suggested that SOA formation from anthropogenic hydrocarbons may be more efficient in polluted environment.     

医疗废物焚烧飞灰脱毒减害技术研究进展

医疗废物焚烧飞灰（MWIFA）富含高浓度的氯盐、碳组分、重金属和二噁英（PCDD/Fs）,已被列入我国《国家危险废物名录》,管理处置不当将对环境和人类健康造成严重危害。关于医疗废物焚烧飞灰处理处置的综合研究较少。介绍了医疗废物焚烧飞灰中重金属及二噁英等有毒有害物质的污染特征,分析了化学药剂稳定法、水泥固化技术、热处理技术、水热处理技术和浮选技术等多种飞灰处理技术的研究现状,重点阐述了上述后3种技术用于处理医疗废物焚烧飞灰中重金属和二噁英的研究进展及存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

贵州农村污水典型抗生素污染水平及生态风险

抗生素残留物是一种新兴的微污染物,广泛存在于各种环境介质及生物样品中,长期暴露在抗生素环境会对人体健康、生态环境产生一定的潜在威胁。由于农村污水排放量逐渐增大、农村地区对抗生素的不合理使用以及受经济、地理地形的限制大部分农村地区都缺乏完整的污水收集管网和污水治理设施,进而导致抗生素通过多种途径进入农村环境,可能会对农村生态环境产生一定的环境风险。为了解贵州农村污水中抗生素的污染水平及处理后污水对环境的影响,作者采用固相萃取—液相色谱—串联质谱(SPE-LC-MS)联用技术,选取贵州省3处典型农村地区,对农村污水治理设施进出水中典型抗生素(包括6种磺胺类、3种四环素类、1种喹诺酮类抗生素)的浓度水平进行分析。结果表明,3处农村污水治理设施进水和出水中均检出不同程度的抗生素,浓度范围分别在ND～417.57 ng/L和ND～253.68 ng/L,其中土霉素浓度最高,进出水的浓度分别为417.57、253.68 ng/L;其次是氧氟沙星,在进出水中的最高浓度分别为278.75、183.73 ng/L。3处农村污水治理设施对抗生素的去除率在-58.32%～45.52%,对目标抗生素的去除率较低。与国内外其他地区农村污水相比,所选地区的进出水中抗生素的浓度较高。通过生态风险评估发现,经处理后的污水中均含有一种RQ≥1的抗生素物质,并且发现氧氟沙星为处理后污水中的高风险污染物,污水的排放会对环境造成一定的生态风险。     

含弹内埋弹舱缩尺模型气动噪声特性研究

目的对含弹的内埋弹舱模型进行噪声仿真和试验研究。方法计算采用"CFD+CAA"的混合方法,采用DDES计算流场,基于M?hring声学类比方法得到测量点的噪声信息。采用该方法与空腔M219标准试验结果进行对比。内埋弹舱吹风试验在全消声室中进行,并采用传声器阵列识别主要噪声源。结果计算与试验得到的不同来流条件下,不同测量点的噪声频谱曲线基本一致。弹舱内最大声压级出现在中间弹翼附近的侧壁上,与声源识别的主要噪声源的位置一致。结论该研究可为内埋弹舱的设计提供参考和技术支持。     

感潮河段污水处理厂尾水对受纳水体的水质影响研究

感潮河段污水处理厂尾水排放对受纳水体产生一定影响,利用二维水动力水质耦合模型,以COD、NH3-N、TP为污染因子,分别以正常排放和事故排放两种条件,模拟江苏南部某污水处理厂尾水排放,分析江段大小潮时污染物浓度增量情况。实验结果表明:正常排放,尾水对排放口附近江段保护区水质影响小;事故排放,尾水对保护区水质无影响,但长江水体影响范围增大,沿岸污染物浓度增高,且小潮周期影响作用强于大潮周期,污水处理厂应加强管理,尤其在小潮时应避免污水事故排放。     

污染物在地下水毛细饱水带的运移规律浅释

分析了毛细饱水带的水动力学特性，指出在地下水污染研究中，污染物在毛细饱和水带和潜水怪具有相同的水平运动规律，并以实例分析说明该带对污染物运移的重要性。建议在研究和一非饱和条件地下水及污染物运动问题时把毛细饱水带与潜水含水层统一为饱马毛细饱水带顶面作为饱水面。     

Analysing the sensitivity behaviour of two hydrology models

Recently, the New Morris Method has been presented as an effective sensitivity analysis tool for mathematical models. The New Morris Method estimates the sensitivity of an output parameter to a given set of input parameters (first-order effects) and the extent these parameters interact with each other (second-order effects). This method requires the specification of two parameters (runs and resolution) that control the sampling of the output parameter to determine its sensitivity to various inputs. The criteria for these parameters have been set on the analysis of a well-behaved analytical function (see Cropp and Braddock, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 78:77–83, 2002), which may not be applicable to other physical models that describe complex processes. This paper will investigate the appropriateness of the criteria from (Cropp and Braddock, 2002) and hence the effectiveness of the New Morris Method to determine the sensitivity behaviour of two hydrologic models: the Soil Erosion and Deposition System and Griffith University Representation of Urban Hydrology. In the first case, this paper will separately analyse the sensitivity of an output parameter on a set of input parameters (first- and second-order effects) for each model and discuss the physical meaning of these sensitivities. This will be followed by an investigation into the sampling criteria by exploring the convergence of the sensitivity behaviour for each model as the sampling of the parameter space is increased. By comparing these trends to the convergence behaviour from Cropp and Braddock (2002), we will determine how well the New Morris Method estimates the sensitivity for each model and whether the sampling criteria are appropriate for these models. It will be shown that the New Morris Method can provide additional insight into the functioning of these models, and that, under a different metric, the sensitivity behaviour of these models does converge confirming the sampling criteria set by Cropp and Braddock.     

Environmental quality control and environmental games

Conclusion  In this paper we have considered a specific environmental game emphasizing both control-prevention efforts and the propensity to pollute by a firm which adopts a given pollution abatement technology. A random payoff game was constructed and solved under a risk neutral assumption and quadratic utilities for both the firm and the environmental controller. The game thus defined, provides a wide range of interpretations and potential approaches for selecting a control-inspection policies to prevent environmental risks. There are of course many facets to this problem, which could be considered and have not been considered in sufficient depth. For example, more complex control mechanisms and liabilities, the effects of insurance and risk sharing, the application of cooperative efforts and subvention of pollution abatement investments (through tax incentives and their like), etc. have not been considered [5,7]. These are topics for further research. The basic presumption of this paper is that it is very difficult to fully enforce pollution prevention by firms, as a result, some controls are needed to ensure that firms be controlled so that appropriate efforts are carried.     

新疆物理监测能力现状及建议

针对新疆物理监测工作(包括噪声监测、振动监测、辐射监测等)现状及环保监测系统物理监测的人员、仪器、能力等情况，分析了物理监测工作存在的不足，并对今后更好的开展物理监测工作提出建设性意见。