Efficient microwave-assisted photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disruptor dimethyl phthalate over composite catalyst ZrOx/ZnO

A highly active ZrOx/ZnO catalyst for microwave-assisted photocatalytic (MW/PC) degradation of endocrine disruptor dimethyl phthalate (DMP) has been prepared via cetyltrimethylammonium assisted hydrothermal method. The ZrOx/ZnO was characterized by XPS, XRD, UV-Vis, BET and SEM techniques. The XPS result showed that Zr oxides with different valences (+2, +3, +4) co-existed in ZrOx/ZnO. By using the ZrOx/ZnO (0.1 g), the TOC removal efficiency of DMP (100 mL of 50 mg/L) was 88% after 30 min reaction, which was about 15% higher than P25 TiO2. It was found that the removal process of DMP by MW/PC followed pseudo first-order kinetics in all cases, and ZrOx/ZnO significantly accelerated the degradation of DMP. The degradation half-life time of DMP was shortened 45% compared with P25 TiO2. A possible catalytic mechanism was proposed based on microwave response and interfacial charge transfer. ZrOx/ZnO could be reused for six times without obvious decrease in catalytic activity. The study offers new insights into designing highly efficient catalysts for MW/PC process and is applicable for MW/PC environmental remediation.     

不同恢复措施对若尔盖沙化草地的恢复效果比较

若尔盖高原是黄河上游主要的水源补给地,也是我国重要的生态安全屏障区,但近年来由于超载过牧、气候变化、鼠害等原因出现了严重的沙化问题.通过比较分析合理放牧、围封禁牧以及自然恢复3种恢复措施对若尔盖典型沙化草地植物群落结构、生物量和土壤理化性质的恢复效果.结果显示,恢复6年后,自然恢复草地恢复效果不明显,而合理放牧草地恢复效果最好.与自然恢复和围封禁牧恢复草地相比,(1)合理放牧使得草地植物群落盖度、物种丰富度、地上生物量和地下生物量显著增加,分别为93%、9、396.41 g/m~2和693.4 g/m~2;(2)合理放牧恢复草地土壤容重、pH显著降低;含水量、最大持水量、可溶性全氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮和可溶性有机碳显著增加.本研究表明合理放牧有利于沙化草地更快恢复,建议制定相关标准在适当区域进行应用和推广.     

Decolorization of azo dyes by a salt-tolerant Staphylococcus cohnii strain isolated from textile wastewater

The salt-tolerant Staphylococcus cohnii strain, isolated from textile wastewater, has been found effective on decolorizing several kinds of azo dyes with different structures. The optimal conditions for azo dye acid red B (ARB) decolorization by S. cohnii were determined to be pH = 7.0 and 30°C. The decolorization efficiency increased with the increase of the salinity concentration, and around 90% of ARB (100 mg·L^?1) could be decolorized in 24 h when the salinity concentration was up to 50 g·L^?1. Moreover, the strain could still decolorize 19% of ARB in 24 h even when the NaCl concentration was increased to 150 g·L^?1. Meanwhile, the dependence of the specific decolorization rate by S. cohnii on the ARB concentration could be described with Michaelis-Menten kinetics (K _m = 585.7mg·L^?1, V _max = 109.8 mg·g cell^?1·h^?1). The addition of quinone redox mediator, named 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate, significantly accelerated the decolorization performance of S. cohnii. Furtherly, the activities of azoreductase (0.55 ??mol·mg protein^?1·min^?1) and Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide-dichlorophenol indophenol (NADH-DCIP) reductase (8.9 ??mol·mg protein^?1·min^?1) have been observed in the crude cell extracts of S. cohnii. The decolorization products of ARB were analyzed by HPLC-MS, and the results indicated the reductive pathway was responsible for azo dye decolorization by S. cohnii.     

PPCPs in a drinking water treatment plant in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Occurrence,removal and risk assessment

• 39 PPCPs were investigated at a DWTP using the Yangtze River as its water source. • Grab and continuous sampling were conducted for the comparison of data consistency. • Ketoprofen & carbamazepine can be risk management indicators because of the high RQ. The occurrence and removal of 39 targeted pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from source water, through a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) to the water supply station, were investigated around the central part of Yangtze River Delta in China using both grab sampling and continuous sampling. Totally 24 of the 39 targeted PPCPs were detected in raw water, and 12 PPCPs were detected in the finished water. The highest observed concentration was enrofloxacin (85.623 ng/L) in raw water. Removal efficiencies were remarkably negative correlated with log K_ow (r = -0.777, p<0.01) after calibration control of concentration, indicating that more soluble PPCPs are easier to remove by the combined process (prechlorination and flocculation/precipitation), the concentration level also had a great impact on the removal efficiency. The normal process in the pilot DWTP seems to be ineffective for PPCPs control, with the limited removal efficiency of less than 30% for each step: pre-chlorination, flocculation and precipitation, post-chlorination and filter. There were notable differences between the data from continuous sampling and grab sampling, which should be considered for different monitoring purposes. The chlorination and the hydrolytic decomposition of PPCPs in the water supply pipe may attenuate PPCPs concentration in the pipeline network. The PPCPs examined in the effluent of DWTP do not impose a potential health risk to the local consumers due to their RQ value lower than 0.00067.     

Screening of textile finishing agents available on the Chinese market: An important source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the environment

Kendrick mass defect was used for PFASs screening in textile finishing agents (TFAs). Total oxidizable precursor assay provides insight into unknown precursors. Perfluorooctane sulfonate was found as impurity in short ECF technology based TFAs. Perfluorooctanoate was also detected in C6 telomerization based TFAs. Long chain precursors were also observed in both types of TFAs. Organofluorinated surfactants are widely employed in textile finishing agents (TFAs) to achieve oil, water, and stain repellency. This has been regarded as an important emission source of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to the environment. China is the biggest manufacturer of clothes, and thus TFA production is also a relevant industrial activity. Nevertheless, to date, no survey has been conducted on PFAS contents in commercially available TFAs. In the present study, TFA products were investigated by the Kendrick mass defect method. The quantification results demonstrated a significant presence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (0.37 mg/L) in TFAs manufactured by electrochemical fluorination technology. The products obtained by short-chain PFAS-based telomerization were dominated by perfluorooctanoic acid (mean concentration: 0.29 mg/L), whose values exceeded the limits stated in the European Chemical Agency guidelines (0.025 mg/L). Moreover, the total oxidizable precursor assay indicated high levels of indirectly quantified precursors with long alkyl chains (C7–C9). Together, these results suggest that there is currently a certain of environmental and health risks in China that originates from the utilization of TFAs, and a better manufacturing processes are required to reduce such risks.     

乌梁素海周边土壤溶解性有机质荧光特性及其与Cu(Ⅱ)的配位研究

应用三维荧光光谱研究了乌梁素海周边4种土壤的溶解性有机质荧光特性以及与Cu(Ⅱ)的相互作用.研究结果表明,土壤溶解性有机质具有两个明显的荧光峰(峰A和峰C),且峰A和峰C具有明显的相关性(R2=0.980,P0.001),表明它们具有类似的结构或相同的来源;土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)影响DOM的荧光强度,随着CEC的增加,荧光强度有逐渐增强的趋势.同时,CEC还与有机质的成熟度和结构有关,随着CEC的增加,土壤有机质的腐殖化程度增强;有机质的荧光指数f450/500值分布在1.55—1.79之间,总体而言,f450/500的值接近于1.6,说明土壤中的腐殖质既有生物源也有陆源,但主要来源为陆源;土壤溶解性有机质的两个类富里酸(峰A和峰C)与Cu(Ⅱ)的络合常数依次为lgKA=5.3107—5.8303,lgKC=5.0721—5.7924,配位荧光基团比例fA为44.20%—69.82%,fC为52.25%—81.88%,显示土壤溶解性有机质中荧光基因与Cu(Ⅱ)络合能力较大,能与Cu(Ⅱ)配位的配位基较多。     

活性炭负载锰氧化物用于吸附甲醛

以活性炭为载体,利用浸渍法将KMnO4负载在活性炭上,再经热处理使其转化为锰氧化物(MnOx).研究了KMnO.溶液浓度和热处理温度对负载MnOx活性炭吸附甲醛效果的影响.结果表明,在KMnO4溶液浓度为0.079mol·L-1和热处理温度为650℃的条件下制得的负载MnOx活性炭,在浓度为600mg·L-1甲醛溶液中的甲醛吸附量可高达5.51mg·g-1.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)测试表明,负载MnOx活性炭表面的碳原子和锰原子可对甲醛产生化学吸附.     

北京市污水处理厂出水中药物和个人护理品的季节变化及其生态风险评价

由于污水处理厂出水中含有微量有机污染物,这些污染物能够通过污水处理厂出水进入到水环境中,对生态系统和人体健康存在潜在的威胁.为探明污水处理厂出水中药物和个人护理品（Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products,PPCPs）在不同季节中的浓度分布及生态风险情况,本研究于2019年的春季、夏季和秋季分别对北京市5座污水处理厂出水中PPCPs的赋存情况和浓度变化进行了调查分析,并对其进行了生态风险评价.结果表明：5座污水处理厂出水中PPCPs检出率为100%的化合物包括磺胺甲恶唑、克拉霉素、卡马西平、避蚊胺、美托洛尔、咖啡因、氧氟沙星和双氯芬酸;PPCPs在不同季节中表现出一定的浓度分布差异,其中磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑、克拉霉素、吉非罗齐、苯扎贝特、氯贝酸、美托洛尔、普萘洛尔、卡马西平、甲氧苄啶、避蚊胺在春季出水中的浓度明显高于其在夏季和秋季出水中浓度,而双氯芬酸、甲芬那酸、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星和咖啡因则在夏季出水中浓度要略高于其在春季和秋季出水中的浓度;通过对PPCPs的生态风险评价发现,避蚊胺在一个春季样品中为中风险污染物,在其他样品中均为低风险污染物,磺胺甲恶唑和美托洛尔的最大RQ值分别为0.09和0.08,接近中风险,其他PPCPs均为低风险污染物.     

斜发沸石处理氨氮废水

以斜发沸石为吸附剂处理氨氮废水,研究了斜发沸石粒径、反应时间、废水pH、废水氨氮初始浓度、斜发沸石用量对吸附的影响,分析了斜发沸石的吸附动力学和热力学特征。结果表明,在298 K下,当斜发沸石用量为7 g/100 mL,沸石粒径小于74μm,废水氨氮初始浓度为200 mg/L,pH为7,吸附时间为3 h时,废水中氨氮的去除率可达到92.71%,斜发沸石吸附氨氮符合拟二级动力学方程。在温度为298~318 K之间时,吸附等温线更好地符合Freundlich方程。在此基础上,热力学计算发现,ΔH00、ΔG00、ΔS00,表明氨氮在斜发沸石上的吸附是自发吸热过程,以物理吸附为主。     

发达国家和地区污染场地法律制度体系及启示

我国正在起草《土壤污染防治法》,这将为我国土壤、场地污染防治管理提供基本法律依据,并逐步建成完善的污染场地管理的法律制度体系。其中,监管体系、资金体系和责任体系是污染场地管理体系中的3大重要方面。美国、日本等发达国家和我国台湾地区在各自污染场地管理法律制度体系中,均规定了明确的监管主体,采用了多样化的监管手段,建立了可持续的污染场地专项基金,确定了明晰的责任判定和追究原则,为我国场地污染防治立法和制度设计中监管体系、资金体系和责任体系的建设提供了宝贵的借鉴。