贾鲁河梯级河滩湿地冬季植被构建及净化效果研究

在地处黄河之滨的河南郑州建设运行梯级河滩湿地净化贾鲁河水,技术示范工程在2009年夏、秋季节取得了良好的水质净化效果,为了验证冬季沉水植物对水质净化的效果,用菹草、伊乐藻、西伯利亚鸢尾等耐低温植物组建冬季湿地植被,研究了冬季植被的发育情况和水质净化效果.结果表明,菹草和伊乐藻这两种沉水植物能够在冬季湿地中成活并发育形成...     

高原湖泊典型农业小流域氮、磷排放特征研究——以凤羽河小流域为例

通过对凤羽河小流域出水口断面进行定位连续监测,计算流域出水量和氮磷排放量,解析了流域氮磷排放量的时间变化特征,以期为小流域氮磷排放量计算、农业管理措施调控、削减流域氮磷排放量提供科学依据.结果表明,凤羽河小流域年度水流量为0.99亿m3,7—9月雨季水流量占全年的43.70%.小流域总氮(TN)的年排放量为139.8 t,可溶性总氮(DTN)是氮的主要排放形式,占TN的71.16%,颗粒态氮(PN)占TN的28.84%.小流域总磷(TP)的年排放量为27.7 t,颗粒态磷(PP)是磷的主要排放形式,占TP的76.47%,可溶性总磷(DTP)占TP的23.53%.7—9月雨季氮磷排放量占全年总量的比例分别为55.33%和77.81%.降雨是影响流域径流过程的重要因素,同时,流域内农业管理措施对径流量和氮磷排放具有较大影响.     

Influence of physiological and environmental factors on the diurnal variation in emissions of biogenic volatile compounds from Pinus tabuliformis

Biological volatile organic compounds(BVOCs) have a large influence on atmospheric environmental quality, climate change and the carbon cycle. This study assesses the composition and diurnal variation in emission rates of BVOCs from Pinus tabuliformis, using an enclosure technique. Environmental parameters(temperature and light intensity) and physiological parameters(net photosynthetic rate, P_n; stomatal conductance, g_s; intercellular CO_2 concentration, C_i; and transpiration rate, T_r) that may affect emission behavior were continuously monitored. The 10 most abundant compound groups emitted by P. tabuliformis were classified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The dominant monoterpenoid compounds emitted were α-pinene, β-myrcene, α-farnesene and limonene. The diurnal emission rate of BVOCs changed with temperature and light intensity, with dynamic analysis of BVOCs emissions revealing that their emission rates were more affected by temperature than light. The variation in monoterpene emission rates was consistent with estimates of P_n, g_s and T_r. Basal emission rates(at 30 °C,) of the main BVOCs ranged from 0.006 to 0.273 μg~(-1)/(hr g),while the basal ER standardization coefficients ranged from 0.049 to 0.144 °C~(-1). Overall, these results provide a detailed reference for the effective selection and configuration of tree species to effectively prevent and control atmospheric pollution.     

磁混凝工艺处理市政废水中的污染物去除特征研究

本研究对2个磁混凝站点进行了水质分析与溶解性有机物（DOM）的系统表征，考察了市政废水在磁混凝过程中的污染物去除效果与DOM去除特征，分析了强化磁混凝过程关键作用.研究发现：磁混凝可显著去除浊度、悬浮态有机物和磷，2个站点TCOD和TP去除率分别为52.53%/76.78%和64.41%/81.59%.市政废水DOM组成复杂，内源性DOM占比较高，两个站点DOM种类相似，但B站点进水有机物含量略少，且芳香类DOM占比较低.磁混凝对DOM具有显著的去除效果，主要去除高腐殖化程度、芳香性、聚合度、疏水性的大分子有机物，络氨酸类蛋白是主要的去除物质.B站点强化药剂的投加显著提升DOM和氨氮的去除效果，TOC和氨氮的去除率可达40.01%和36.08%，同时磷和TCOD的混凝效果也得到一定强化.本研究揭示了磁混凝过程污染物去除特征，促进了磁混凝过程的理解，为磁混凝在水处理中的推广应用提供了有效支撑.     

三峡库区次级河流春季水环境中有机锡在水/SPM间的分配特征

为了解三峡库区次级河流春季水环境中有机锡污染及有机锡在水/SPM(悬浮颗粒物)间的分配情况,于2013年3月分别在大宁河和小江采集地表水样,以三丁基锡(TBT)和三苯基锡(TPh T)及它们的代谢产物一丁基锡(MBT)、二丁基锡(DBT)、一苯基锡(MPh T)和二苯基锡(DPh T)为研究对象,采用固相微萃取处理溶解态样品,液液萃取-固相萃取处理悬浮颗粒态样品,气相色谱-质谱联用技术及内标法定量测定有机锡浓度,调查研究了大宁河和小江春季地表水溶解态和颗粒态样品中有机锡的浓度水平及分配特征.结果表明,该时期大宁河和小江的各监测点都不同程度地检测到了以上6种有机锡,但不同形态的有机锡在水环境中的分配差异较大.大宁河和小江溶解态样品中总有机锡污染水平明显高于颗粒态样品,并且溶解态样品中有机锡污染主要以低取代MBT和MPh T为主,而颗粒态样品主要以高取代丁基锡DBT和TBT为主.     

潜流式人工湿地基质堵塞问题对策研究

基质堵塞是人工湿地长期稳定运行最关键的问题.针对滇池湖滨福保人工湿地运行后潜流湿地基质严重堵塞的问题,分析造成基质堵塞的原因,从工艺路线、碎石床结构、填料径粒和布水方式等方面对原有人工湿地进行分析研究,找出堵塞原因,提出技术改造方案,并经过工程模型实验进行验证,在此基础上确定"预处理-潜流湿地(垂直流)-调节池-潜流湿...     

有机污染土壤原位化学氧化药剂投加方式的综述

原位化学氧化技术是修复有机污染土壤最经济有效的技术之一。药剂的投加与分散技术是原位化学氧化修复技术的核心。药剂投加与分散方式的选择与污染场地的土壤渗透性、特征水平、污染深度、氧化剂性质、修复费用等相关。阐述了直压式注射法、注射井法、土壤置换法和高压-旋喷注射法等药剂投加与分散技术的适用性、控制参数及优缺点等,引用工程实例对药剂投加与分散技术在原位化学氧化修复过程中的应用情况进行了论证。     

土壤修复的热脱附技术特征尾气模块化处理工艺研究进展

污染土壤热脱附修复后,尾气处理是不可忽视的重要环节。论述了热脱附技术特征尾气模块化处理工艺的总体概况,探讨了污染物、土壤性质和处理工艺等对尾气处理工艺的影响,总结了针对4类污染物的典型热脱附技术特征尾气模块化处理工艺,并对催化氧化、非热等离子体、高能电晕等新兴模块进行了简介。最后提出了热脱附技术特征尾气模块化处理工艺的问题和研究展望。     

Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy for characterization of organic matter in membrane bioreactors: Principles,methods and applications

• Principles and methods for fluorescence EEM are systematically outlined. • Fluorophore peak/region/component and energy information can be extracted from EEM. • EEM can fingerprint the physical/chemical/biological properties of DOM in MBRs. • EEM is useful for tracking pollutant transformation and membrane retention/fouling. • Improvements are still needed to overcome limitations for further studies. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is a rising star for wastewater treatment. The pollutant elimination and membrane fouling performances of MBRs are essentially related to the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the system. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, a powerful tool for the rapid and sensitive characterization of DOM, has been extensively applied in MBR studies; however, only a limited portion of the EEM fingerprinting information was utilized. This paper revisits the principles and methods of fluorescence EEM, and reviews the recent progress in applying EEM to characterize DOM in MBR studies. We systematically introduced the information extracted from EEM by considering the fluorescence peak location/intensity, wavelength regional distribution, and spectral deconvolution (giving fluorescent component loadings/scores), and discussed how to use the information to interpret the chemical compositions, physiochemical properties, biological activities, membrane retention/fouling behaviors, and migration/transformation fates of DOM in MBR systems. In addition to conventional EEM indicators, novel fluorescent parameters are summarized for potential use, including quantum yield, Stokes shift, excited energy state, and fluorescence lifetime. The current limitations of EEM-based DOM characterization are also discussed, with possible measures proposed to improve applications in MBR monitoring.     

Enhanced carbon tetrachloride degradation by hydroxylamine in ferrous ion activated calcium peroxide in the presence of formic acid

• Complete CT degradation was achieved by employing HA to CP/Fe(II)/FA process. • Quantitative detection of Fe(II) regeneration and HO• production was investigated. • Benzoic acid outcompeted FA for the reaction with HO•. • CO₂•⁻ was the dominant reductive radical for CT removal. • Effects of solution matrix on CT removal were conducted. Hydroxyl radicals (HO•) show low reactivity with perchlorinated hydrocarbons, such as carbon tetrachloride (CT), in conventional Fenton reactions, therefore, the generation of reductive radicals has attracted increasing attention. This study investigated the enhancement of CT degradation by the synergistic effects of hydroxylamine (HA) and formic acid (FA) (initial [CT] = 0.13 mmol/L) in a Fe(II) activated calcium peroxide (CP) Fenton process. CT degradation increased from 56.6% to 99.9% with the addition of 0.78 mmol/L HA to the CP/Fe(II)/FA/CT process in a molar ratio of 12/6/12/1. The results also showed that the presence of HA enhanced the regeneration of Fe(II) from Fe(III), and the production of HO• increased one-fold when employing benzoic acid as the HO• probe. Additionally, FA slightly improves the production of HO•. A study of the mechanism confirmed that the carbon dioxide radical (CO₂•⁻), a strong reductant generated by the reaction between FA and HO•, was the dominant radical responsible for CT degradation. Almost complete CT dechlorination was achieved in the process. The presence of humic acid and chloride ion slightly decreased CT removal, while high doses of bicarbonate and high pH inhibited CT degradation. This study helps us to better understand the synergistic roles of FA and HA for HO• and CO₂•⁻ generation and the removal of perchlorinated hydrocarbons in modified Fenton systems.