MFC强化同步短程硝化反硝化工艺的启动

微生物燃料电池(MFC)可在阴极实现反硝化、短程反硝化和同步硝化反硝化并产生电能,但在MFC阴极实现同步短程硝化反硝化的研究尚未见到报道。为了探讨MFC阴极同步短程硝化反硝化工艺的性能,将双室曝气阴极MFC与A/O脱氮工艺结合处理人工模拟低碳氮比废水。通过静置运行15 d使得MFC阴极室亚硝态氮得以积累,氨氧化菌得以富集。随即改为连续运行后第21天成功启动同步短程硝化反硝化MFC;阴极出水氨氮浓度为0.3 mg/L,亚硝态氮浓度为15.9 mg/L,硝态氮浓度为0.6 mg/L,亚硝化率达到95%以上,阴极电极自养反硝化去除率达到50%以上,COD去除率达到85%以上。结果表明,将MFC与同步短程硝化反硝化工艺结合,通过阴极室中氧气得电子获得高p H,可以强化同步短程硝化反硝化工艺,完成生物脱氮的同时回收电能,并具有减少外加碱度的优势。     

羟基磷灰石的制备及其对水中氟离子的吸附

本研究利用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线粉末衍射(XRD)观察了共沉淀法合成羟基磷灰石(HAP)的形貌及其晶型结构,并探讨了Ca/P摩尔比、反应时间及反应温度等因素对羟基磷灰石吸附水中氟离子性能的影响。结果表明,n(Ca/P)=1.5/1、反应时间1 h、反应温度40℃、陈化时间48 h、煅烧温度200℃、煅烧时间2 h时,HAP除氟效果最佳,吸附效率和吸附容量分别达到68.8%和6.88 mg/g。实验数据Langmuir等温模式拟合效果优于Freundlich模式,热力学参数计算可知,HAP对氟离子的吸附是自发(ΔG00),吸热(ΔH00),熵增(ΔS00)的过程。HAP对氟离子的吸附符合拟二级反应动力学过程。     

γ-Al2O3负载多金属复合催化剂选择性催化还原烟气脱硝

以γ-Al₂O₃作为载体,先后负载CeO₂,MnC₂O₄,Fe（NO₃）₃,CrO₃,Ni（NO₃）₂,NH₄VO₃等多种金属组分制备γ-Al₂O₃负载多金属复合催化剂,并用于模拟烟气的选择性催化还原脱硝。通过SEM和XRD技术对催化剂进行了表征。表征结果显示：Fe,Mn,Cr的添加能增加催化剂的低温催化活性、提高催化剂的N₂选择性;γ-Al₂O₃对活性金属氧化物的负载效果良好。实验结果表明：各金属化合物的最佳加入量为 w（MnC₂O₄·2H₂O）=20%,w（Fe（NO₃）₃·9H₂O）=15%,w（CrO₃）=10%,w（Ni（NO₃）₂·6H₂O）=5%,w（NH₄VO₃）=10%,w（CeO₂）=5%,w（γ-Al₂O₃）=35%;以在最佳正交实验条件下制得的γ-Al₂O₃负载多金属复合物为催化剂,在脱硝反应温度为205 ℃的条件下,NO转化率为96.7%;γ-Al₂O₃负载多金属复合催化剂经5次重复使用,NO转化率仍可稳定在94%左右。     

Detection of tritium sorption on four soil materials

In order to measure groundwater age and design nuclear waste disposal sites, it is important to understand the sorption behavior of tritium on soils. In this study, batch tests were carried out using four soils from China: silty clays from An County and Jiangyou County in Sichuan Province, both of which could be considered candidate sites for Very Low Level Waste disposal; silty sand from Beijing; and loess from Yuci County in Shanxi Province, a typical Chinese loess region. The experimental results indicated that in these soil media, the distribution coefficient of tritium is slightly influenced by adsorption time, water/solid ratio, initial tritium specific activity, pH, and the content of humic and fulvic acids. The average distribution coefficient from all of these influencing factors was about 0.1-0.2 mL/g for the four types of soil samples. This relatively modest sorption of tritium in soils needs to be considered in fate and transport studies of tritium in the environment.     

压力容器制造监检中对若干问题的处理

针对压力容器制造监检中某些受检单位在法规标准的理解上存在误区或者疏忽、不知如何进行后续整改工作的现状,笔者结合多年压力容器监督检验的工作经验,提出自己的解决方案,以供参考,也希望广大读者在遇到类似情况时能够正确理解并执行相关法规标准.     

Role of cosubstrate and bioaccessibility played in the enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in a paddy soil by nitrate and methyl-β-cyclodextrin amendments

The present study was conducted to investigate the anaerobic biodegradation potential of biostimulation by nitrate (KNO₃) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) addition on an aged organochlorine pesticide (OCP)-contaminated paddy soil. After 180 days of incubation, total OCP biodegradation was highest in soil receiving the addition of nitrate and MCD simultaneously and then followed by nitrate addition, MCD addition, and control. The highest biodegradation of chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, endosulfans, and total OCPs was 74.3, 63.5, 51.2, and 65.1 %, respectively. Meanwhile, MCD addition significantly increased OCP bioaccessibility (p?<?0.05) evaluated by Tenax TA extraction and a three-compartment model method. Moreover, the addition of nitrate and MCD also obtained the highest values of soil microbial activities, including soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, ATP production, denitrifying bacteria count, and nitrate reductase activity. Such similar trend between OCP biodegradation and soil-denitrifying activities suggests a close relationship between OCP biodegradation and N cycling and the indirect/direct involvement of soil microorganisms, especially denitrifying microorganisms in the anaerobic biodegradation of OCPs.     

Impact of carbon source on nitrous oxide emission from anoxic/oxic biological nitrogen removal process and identification of its emission sources

Wastewater treatment is an important source of nitrous oxide (N₂O), which is a strong greenhouse gas and dominate ozone-depleting substance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbon source on N₂O emission from anoxic/oxic biological nitrogen removal process. The mechanisms of N₂O emission were also studied. Long-term experiments were operated to evaluate the effect of three different carbon sources (i.e., glucose, sodium acetate, and soluble starch) on N₂O emission characteristics. And batch experiments, in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors, were carried out to identify the sources of N₂O emission. The ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and denitrifiers community compositions under different circumstances were also analyzed based on which the underlying mechanisms of N₂O emission were elucidated. The conversion ratios of N₂O in reactors with glucose, sodium acetate, and soluble starch were 5.3 %, 8.8 %, and 2.8 %, respectively. The primary process responsible for N₂O emission was nitrifier denitrification by Nitrosomonas-like AOB, while denitrification by heterotrophic denitrifiers acted as the sink. Reactor with sodium acetate showed the highest N₂O emission, together with the highest nitrogen and phosphate removal ratios. Carbon source has a significant impact on N₂O emission quantity and relatively minor effect on its production mechanism.     

An integrated method for safety pre-warning of complex system

In large-scale and complex industrial systems, unplanned outages and hazardous accidents cause huge economic losses, environmental contamination, and human injuries, due to component degradation, exogenous changes, and operational mistakes. In order to ensure safety and increase operational performance and reliability of complex system, this study proposes an integrated method for safety pre-warning to analyze the current safety state of each component and the whole system indicating hidden hazards and potential consequence, and furthermore predict future degradation trends in the long term.The work presented here describes the rationale and implementation of the integrated method incorporating HAZOP study, degradation process modeling, dynamic Bayesian network construction, condition monitoring, safety assessment and prognosis steps, taking advantage of the priori knowledge of the interactions and dependencies among components and the environment, the relationships between hazard causes and effects, and the use of historical failure data and online real-time data from condition monitoring.The application of the integrated safety pre-warning approach described here to the specific example of the gas turbine compressor system demonstrates how each phase of the presented method contributes to completion of the safety pre-warning system development in a systematic way.     

Water washing effects on metals emission reduction during municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash melting process

This study investigated that water washing effects on the metals emission reduction in melting of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash. Experimental conditions were conducted at liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio 10, 20, and 100 for water-washing process and its subsequent melting treatment at 1450 °C for 2 h. The simple water-washing process as a pre-treatment for MSWI fly ash can remove most of the chlorides, leachable salts, and amphoteric heavy metals from the MSWI fly ash, resulting in the washed ash having lowered chlorine content. MSWI fly ashes washed by L/S ratio 10 and above that were melted at 1450 °C produced slag containing relatively high vitrificaton ratio of Cu and Pb. Besides, the vitrification ratios of Na, K, Ca, and Mg in washed MSWI fly ash were also higher than that of MSWI fly ash. The results indicated that washed MSWI fly ash can reduce the emission of metallic chlorides during its subsequent melting treatment.     

建设项目环境影响的医学评价方法研究

作者在对中国我人民解放军第４７医院病建项目所产生的大气环境影响进行了医学秤价和影响，并在预测的基础上，建立了完整的环境医学影响廉政价方法，由于该评价方法完全尊循了国内现行大气环境影响评价的基本要求和程序，因此，它在今后的环境影响医学评价中净有广泛的应用。