煤矸石烧结砖厂废气凝结物的研究

采集煤矸石烧结砖厂隧道窑废气热交换器内壁的凝结物,利用XRF、XRD、IR、DTA-TG、SEM、EDS、ICP-MS和AFS等方法进行了研究。结果表明:凝结物主要为水合硫酸亚铁和水合硫酸铁,S含量为119.2 mg/g,且Se、As、Pb等微量元素在凝结物中富集。与煤矸石原料相比,凝结物中Se的富集程度最高,含量达到了0.637 mg/g,相对富集因子为467.52;S、Tl、Mo、As、Pb的相对富集因子从57.05依次减小到6.18,F及亲硫元素Sb、Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu、Co富集程度较低;Sr、Th、Be、Ba、U、V、Cr的相对富集因子小于0.5,显示在烧结砖制备过程中的挥发性很低。     

湖滨带生态退化及其与人类活动的相互作用

湖滨带属于水陆生态交错带,是湖泊水生态系统与陆地生态系统间非常重要的过渡带. 根据湖滨带生态退化的表现形式,可以将湖滨带生态退化过程归纳为渐变退化、间断不连续退化、跃变退化、突变退化及复合退化5种类型. 系统自然退化是一个漫长渐变的过程,而人为干扰往往带有冲击负荷与胁迫压力.人类对湖滨带生态退化的影响与人类文明的发展历程密切相关,随着人类开发自然、利用自然能力的加强,对湖滨带生态退化的影响深度、范围也明显增强. 在文明初始阶段,人类对湖滨带处于被动适应及竞争利用的状态;文明成长阶段,人类开始对湖滨带进行主动开发及可控利用;在文明成熟阶段,从对湖滨带单纯开发利用拓展为发挥综合生态服务功能. 另一方面,湖滨带生态退化对人类产生的影响主要体现在生物资源萎缩、洪水灾害损失增加、可利用淡水资源减少、对人体健康造成威胁、美学价值丧失、影响水文化的历史传承等. 研究湖滨带的退化过程及其与人类活动之间的相互作用、相互影响关系,认清湖滨带自身的发展规律,识别湖滨带退化的驱动因子,有助于我们进一步保护湖滨带、修复退化的湖滨带或提出减缓湖滨带退化过程的有利措施.      

Ozonation of aromatic monomer compounds in water: factors determining reaction outcomes

● p- CNB and IBP were selected, to explore factors determining ozonation outcomes. ● •OH contributed only 50 % to IBP removal, compared to the 90 % for p -CNB removal. ● IBP achieved fewer TOC removal and more by-product types and quantities. ● A longer ring-opening distance existed during the degradation of IBP. ● Multiple positions on both branches of IBP were attacked, consuming more oxidants. For aromatic monomer compounds (AMCs), ozonation outcomes were usually predicted by the substituents of the benzene ring based on the electron inductive effect. However, the predicted results were occasionally unreliable for complex substituents, and other factors caused concern. In this study, p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) and ibuprofen (IBP) were selected for ozonation. According to the electron inductive theory, p-CNB should be less oxidizable, but the opposite was true. The higher rates of p-CNB were due to various sources of assistance. First, the hydroxyl radical (•OH) contributed 90 % to p-CNB removal at pH 7.0, while its contribution to IBP removal was 50 %. Other contributions came from molecular O₃ oxidation. Second, p-CNB achieved 40 % of the total organic carbon (TOC) removal and fewer by-product types and quantities, when compared to the results for IBP. Third, the oxidation of p-CNB started with hydroxyl substitution reactions on the benzene ring; then, the ring opened. However, IBP was initially oxidized mainly on the butane branched chain, with a chain-shortening process occurring before the ring opened. Finally, the degradation pathway of p-CNB was single and consumed fewer oxidants. However, both branches of IBP were attacked simultaneously, and three degradation pathways that relied on more oxidants were proposed. All of these factors were determinants of the rapid removal of p-CNB.     

合成聚硅酸硼镁硫酸铁的正交实验研究

研究了用硅酸钠、硼砂、硫酸镁和硫酸铁为原料,制备聚硅酸硼镁硫酸铁（PSBMFS）混凝剂的方法及合成条件。通过正交实验,考查了硅酸活化pH值、缩聚反应时间和陈化时间等合成条件;同时考察了B/Si摩尔比、Mg/Si摩尔比和Fe/Si摩尔比等影响因素。结果表明：PSBMFS具有良好的混凝性能和脱色效果,能有效去除印染废水中的色度和COD,2种污染因子的去除率分别可达95.9%和67.9%。     

城市地表径流污染物浓度数学模型的建立及验证

针对目前描述城市地表径流污染物排放过程的数学模型不能完全适用于不同降雨过程的情况,本研究建立了一个全新的P/r模型.P/r模型以地表沉积物量(P)与降雨强度(r)的比值为主要参数,描述了降雨过程产生的地表径流中污染物的排放规律.基于对发生在陕西省西安市的3场降雨事件的实测数据的模拟,本研究建立的P/r模型的预测值与实测值的归一化目标函数、相关系数和相关指数均优于Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型.根据对P/r模型进行的不确定性分析,当Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.46时,采用P/r模型对陕西省西安市地表径流中的污染物浓度进行模拟时应采用的最大比浓度常数(Km)和径流冲刷能力半饱和常数(KS)的取值范围分别为0.65~1.35 kg·min·L-1和0.16~0.22kg·min·mm-1·L-1.P/r模型的预测带平均相对宽度(ARIL)为1.21,预测带对实测值的覆盖度为67%.Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型对具有地表径流初期冲刷效应且降雨强度波动较小的降雨事件的模拟结果较好,但对于不具有地表径流初期冲刷效应的降雨事件、间歇性降雨事件及降雨强度波动较大的降雨事件并不适用.本研究建立的P/r模型的适用范围广泛,对于上述Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型不能适用的降雨事件均可适用.与Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型相比,P/r模型能够更好的描述城市地表径流的污染物排放规律.P/r模型的提出能够进一步推动地表径流排污过程数学模型的发展.     

城市地表灰尘颗粒体积分形特征及其吸附性

以地表灰尘颗粒分析数据为基础,运用分形模型,分析了芜湖市高新技术开发区地表灰尘颗粒的分维数.结果表明:19个地表灰尘样品的粒径较粗,粒径的平均值多出现在140～230 gm之间,峰值多出现在200～400 μm之间;分维数为2.5392～2.7408.平均值为2.665 7,pH值为7.97～12.36,平均值为10.22,呈较强的碱性.分维数与pH值之间的相关系数r=-0.221 0,相关性不明显;地表灰尘分维数对吸附性的影响效果不明显.     

Investigating into composition,distribution, sources and health risk of phthalic acid esters in street dust of Xi’an City,Northwest China

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers and in consumer products, which may enter the environment and present risks to human health. U.S. EPA classifies six PAEs as priority pollutants, which could be accumulated in street dust at the interface of atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. This study collected a total of 58 street dust samples from Xi’an City in Northwest China and analyzed for concentrations of the priority PAEs. Composition, distribution, sources and health risk of the PAEs were further examined. All the priority PAEs were detected in the street dust. The concentrations of individual PAEs varied between not detected and 183.19 mg/kg. The sum of the 6 priority PAEs (∑6PAEs) ranged from 0.87 to 250.30 mg/kg with a mean of 40.48 mg/kg. The most abundant PAEs in the street dust were di-n-butyl phthalate and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Higher concentrations of ∑6PAEs in the street dust were found in the south and west parts of Xi’an City as well as its urban center, which were possibly attributed to the prevailing northerly Asian winter monsoon. The PAEs in the street dust originated mainly from wide application of plasticizers as well as cosmetics and personal care products. The main pathways of human exposure to PAEs in the street dust were ingestion and dermal adsorption of dust particles. The non-cancer risk of human exposure to PAEs in the street dust was relatively low, while the risk to children was higher than that to adults. The cancer risk of human exposure to DEHP in the street dust was lower than the standard limit value of 10^?6.     

用自旋标记方法研究环境诱变剂对健康人红细胞膜动态性质的影响

健康人的完整血红细胞膜用脂肪酸自旋标记物Ⅰ(12,3)和Ⅰ(1,14)标记,测得其ESR波谱·氟化钠、重铬酸钾、丝裂霉素C和秋水仙素等环境诱变剂较显著地改变膜的序参数S和旋转相关时间,尤在膜表层,S和明显增大。温度曲线表明,人血的完整红细胞膜的相变点在膜表层和深层分别是38℃和40.0℃。在诱变剂作用下,膜类酯的动力学性质有明显变化。     

香烟气相物质引发的脂质过氧化与粒细胞呼吸爆发关系的ESR研究

香烟气相物质和空气都能使卵磷脂脂质体发生脂质过氧化.用ESR自旋捕集技术,以DMPO为捕捉剂,研究这种过氧化的脂质体对大鼠腹腔粒细胞(RPG)呼吸爆发的影响.结果表明,一定过氧化程度的脂质可增加促癌剂PMA刺激RPG产生的O_2~-.脂浓度为0.5mg/ml时,这种作用随充烟量的增加先不断增强,30s左右达最大值,然后又逐渐减小.空气引发的脂质过氧化对RPG呼吸爆发有相似的作用.     

苯酚对蔬菜幼苗生长及氧化酶同工酶的影响

含酚污水是当前世界上危害大,污染范围广的一种工业污染源.未经处理直接排放到市郊农村的工业污水严重污染农业生态环境.一些学者就其对鱼类、小麦的毒性影