Diurnal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM2:5 in Shanghai, China

Forty-eight daily time interval PM2:5 samples were collected from December 2006 to January 2008 in an urban site in Shanghai, China. Concentrations and compositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed with GC-MS to study the diurnal and seasonal variations and to identify the main emitting sources. The diurnal variation of the PAHs concentrations was greater in the late autumn and winter sampling days, and was greatly influenced by meteorological conditions such as wind speed and ambient temperature. The concentration of PAHs in the mornings (6:30–10:00) increased distinctly, and was high in the late autumn and winter sampling days, indicating the contribution from vehicle emissions during rush hours. The diurnal variation of the high molecular weight PAHs did not seem to be controlled by the shift of gas-particle partitioning due to temperature variation, instead, it could be indicative of the variation in the source. Statistical analyses showed that the concentrations of PAHs were negatively correlated with temperature and wind speed, and positively correlated with relative humidity. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs suggested mixed emission sources of petroleum and coal/biomass combustion for PAHs in the PM2:5 in Shanghai.     

Preparation and Characterization of PVC Matrix Composites with Biochemical Sludge

Biochemical sludge (BS), generated in the waste water treatment of paper mills, was pretreated by enzyme hydrolysis. The effect and action mechanism of the enzymatic treatment on the properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix composites with BS were discussed. Results showed that when the filler content was 30 wt%, the tensile strength of the PVC composites filled with BS and its modified products which were pretreated by laccase, cellulase and hemicellulase can be increased by 38.64, 67.4, 63.5 and 66.3% than the PVC composite filled with calcium carbonate. When the dosage of filler was 40 wt%, the elastic modulus of PVC composites filled with BS and its above three modified products decreased by 53.3, 52.3, 50.0 and 46.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of PVC composites can also be improved at the temperature of over 340 °C. It can be concluded that the enzyme pretreatment can improve the application performance of BS usage in PVC matrix composites.     

A sustainability assessment of a high-yield agroecosystem in Huantai County,China

Sustainable agricultural development is a perennial issue for agricultural researchers, government managers, and policy makers worldwide, but especially in developing countries. In China, farms in Shandong Province epitomize modern agriculture and play a vital role in providing food for the burgeoning population. However, Chinese agriculture is being challenged by declining resources and environmental deterioration resulting from modern farming practices. China must establish an efficient agricultural sustainability index (ASI) to evaluate agricultural conditions and offer recommendations for sustainable development. Here, we use Huantai County, Shandong Province to test a regionalscale ASI from social, economic and ecological factors that includes 11 sustainability indicators. To further evaluate the complex agroecosystem, we employed the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and AMOEBA methods to assess agricultural sustainability from 1982 to 2003. The results show that environmental problems, especially groundwater depletion, are limiting regional sustainable development.     

十溴二苯醚及其降解产物对浮游生物的毒性

十溴二苯醚(BDE-209)是我国环境中主要的多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)同系物.为研究BDE-209及其降解产物对水环境的影响,以初级消费者浮游动物大型蚤(Daphnia magna)和初级生产者浮游植物水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)为染毒对象,研究BDE-209及其降解不同阶段产物对浮游生物的毒性.结果表明,大型蚤方面,繁殖毒性大于生长毒性,48 h半数致死浓度(48h-LC50)大小为:还原降解中间产物(0.80 mg·L~(-1),高毒)BDE-209(8.74 mg·L~(-1),中毒)还原降解终产物(15.27 mg·L~(-1),低毒),还原-氧化降解终产物的死亡率与溶剂空白一致,表明其基本无毒.水华微囊藻方面,染毒物质的毒性大小顺序与大型蚤一致,1 mg·L~(-1)的BDE-209、还原中间产物、还原终产物及还原-氧化终产物对水华微囊藻的抑制率分别为15.7%、93.7%、6.6%和1.3%.BDE-209降解过程中易生成毒性较大的中间产物,彻底还原脱溴可降低其毒性,后续辅以氧化降解,可消除其环境毒性.     

光催化高级氧化与无机陶瓷膜分离技术耦合的研究

近年来,光催化高级氧化技术在深度水处理中已引起广泛关注.悬浮式光催化反应器作为一种高效光催化反应器,传质效果好、光利用率高,但光催化剂尤其是纳米光催化剂从悬浮液中的分离回收成为光催化高级氧化技术应用的难题.引入无机陶瓷膜分离技术来解决这一难题,设计了工艺流程,搭建了耦合装置并优化了工艺参数.该耦合系统在光催化高级氧化降解甲基橙(降解率达到99.1％以上)后能实现光催化剂的高效分离回收再利用,对光催化剂能达到99％以上的截留率.同时,研究更廉价、阻力降更小的膜材料及新型可见光响应光催化剂成为该技术发展的关键.     

一株产紫色素放线菌的鉴定及其色素特性研究

从河南碱性土壤样品中筛选到一株命名为LK-178的放线菌菌株,在高氏合成培养基上其气生菌丝灰白,产可溶性紫色素.镜检观察孢子链长直、孢子圆柱形,通过形态、生理生化特征初步确定为链霉菌.16S rRNA序列分析显示,该菌基因序列与比基尼链霉菌(Streptomyces bikiniensis)AB208713基因序列有99.0%的最高相似性.用Neighbor-joining(NJ)等构建系统发育树,并用Bootstraping法对其评价,将菌株LK-178归属于比基尼链霉菌(S.bikiniensis).抑菌试验表明,该菌具有抗革兰氏阳性.革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌活性.用紫外可见分光光度计和化学分析确定该色素性质稳定,产量较高.总色价相对单位较高.达到147 U/mL,产昔达到13.4 g/L.图3表3参18     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere of Taizhou, a major e-waste dismantling area in China

PM2.5,total suspended particles(TSP) and gas phase samples were collected at two sites of Taizhou,a major e-waste dismantling area in China.Concentrations,seasonal variations,congener profiles,gas-particle partitioning and size distribution of the atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) were studied to assess the current state of atmospheric PCBs after the phase out of massive historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes.The average 38PCBs concentration in the ambient air(TSP plus gas phase) near the e-waste dismantling area was(12,407 ± 9592) pg/m3 in winter,which was substantially lower than that found one decade ago.However,the atmospheric PCBs level near the e-waste dismantling area was 54 times of the reference urban site,indicating that the impact of the historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes was still significant.Tri-Penta-CBs were dominant homologues,consisting with their dominant global production.Size distribution of particle-bound PCBs showed that higher chlorinated CBs tended to partition more to the fine particles,facilitating its long range air transportation.     

An efficient resin for solid-phase extraction and determination by UPLCMS/MS of 44 pharmaceutical personal care products in environmental waters

• A hydrophilic resin (GCHM) was facile synthesis and characterized. • Average absolute recovery of GCHM (75.6%) performs better than Oasis^® HLB. • Detection limits of method (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS) ranged between 0.03 and 0.6 ng/L. • 22 PPCPs were determined in environmental waters ranging from 0.5 to 1590 ng/L. In this study, a hydrophilic resin named GCHM was fabricated based on poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-divinylbenzene), characterized, and applied as a solid-phase extraction (SPE) material. Up to 44 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) belonging to 10 classes were recovered in environmental water samples. Different variables affecting extraction, such as adsorbent amount, sample pH, and loading speed, were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the average absolute recovery of 44 PPCPs was 75.6% using GCHM, indicating a better performance than the commercial Oasis^® HLB. SPE with home-made hydrophilic polymeric sorbent followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was validated, and the method achieved good linearity (r²>0.991, for all analytes). In addition, the method detection limits of target compounds ranged from 0.03 to 0.6 ng/L. The developed method was applied to determine PPCPs in 10 environmental water samples taken from the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, and Taihu Lake, 1 groundwater sample from Changzhou in Jiangsu Province, 1 wastewater sample from Xiamen and 2 seawater samples from the Jiulong River in Fujian Province, China. In these samples, 22 compounds were determined at levels ranging from 0.5 to 1590 ng/L.     

癸二酸生产中单钠盐溶液的脱色及萃取—吸附法处理含酚废水

癸二酸生产中以活性炭对癸二酸单钠盐溶液脱色时,产品收率低、生产成本高。本文采用以凹凸棒石粘土为基体的新型吸附剂对癸二酸单钠盐溶液进行脱色。结果表明,在脱色剂用量为2％、脱色温度90℃、脱色时间30min条件下,脱色率为85.3％、产品产率为92.0％,且该吸附剂价廉易得,经蒸汽再生后可反复使用,可用于癸二酸单钠盐溶液的脱色。同时提出了用萃取—吸附法处理癸二酸生产中含酚废水的工艺流程,萃取相（含酚）无需反萃可直接回用于原生产中,该法具有明显的经济效益与环境效益。     

华北高产粮区夏玉米生命周期环境影响评价

以山东省桓台县夏玉米生产体系为例,应用生命周期评价方法,以单位产量为评价功能单元,把夏玉米生命周期分为原料开采与运输、农资生产与运输、作物种植3个生产阶段,对不同施氮水平下夏玉米生命周期的资源消耗与污染物排放进行了清单分析和影响评价.结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,夏玉米生命周期环境影响呈指数上升趋势,其中,主要影响类型为水资源耗竭,这与农作物需水量较大、水分生产率较低有关.在低氮量条件下,主要污染影响类型是全球变暖,随着施氮量的增加,富营养化上升为主要污染影响类型.提高作物种植阶段水肥利用效率是控制夏玉米生命周期环境影响的关键,它可减少夏玉米对水资源和氮肥的需求,从而直接减少农田氮素损失污染影响,也间接降低了上游生产环节的资源消耗与污染物排放影响,进而有助于降低夏玉米生命周期环境影响总潜力.