新型高效湿式脱硫除尘装置应用与改进

采用新型高效湿式脱硫除尘装置——螺旋式雾化脱硫除尘装置代替传统水沐式脱硫除尘装置,解决了某油田燃煤锅炉尾气中烟尘及SO2含量难以满足GB13271-2001《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》的问题。并在推广应用中不断摸索改进,引入钙-钠双碱法替代钠碱法,提出用锅炉废水替代清水加碱法方式,以废治废,有效节约成本的同时也大大减少了污水排放。     

土壤质量模糊综合评价权重确定方法探讨

文章采用主成分分析法确定土壤重金属环境质量评价权重,并对超标倍数法、双权重超标赋权法和主成分分析法3种方法进行比较。通过对贵阳市城市土壤中8种重金属污染物进行相关性分析,运用模糊综合评价法对其污染状况进行评价,并对不同权重值所做的评价进行比较。得出结论:主成分分析法从土壤中各重金属的联系出发,可以更好地反映重金属地相互关系;贵阳市城市土壤质量达到中国土壤环境质量标准二级标准,基本不会对植物和环境造成危害和污染。     

Temporal and spatial variation of nitrogen and phosphorus and eutrophication assessment for a typical arid river—Fuyang River in northern China

Based on water quality surveys over 2 years(July to December,in 2014 and 2015) in a typical arid river in northern China the Xingtai segment of the Fuyang River basin — the variation of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) was analyzed.The extent of water eutrophication of this segment was also assessed using a universal index formula for eutrophic evaluation and a logarithmic power function.The results showed that the average concentration of total N(TN) was 27.2 mg/L(NH_3-N,63.5%),total P(TP) was 2.0 mg/L(solution reactive phosphorus,68.8%).Temporal and spatial variations of N and P in this segment were observed.Concentrations of N and P in the arid season were higher than those in the rainy season.Spatially,the N and P concentrations followed the same trend;i.e.,higher in the city segment than in the suburbs,and decreasing along the river.The water eutrophication in the studied segment reached extremely high levels at all times(eutrophication index ≥76.3).Spatially,its trend was clearly linked with N and P.Water shortage,pollution accumulation and a weak self-purification function are the main reasons for the prominent eutrophication in this segment.     

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide against TCDD-induced hepatic injury and RT-PCR quantification of AHR2, ARNT2, CYP1A mRNA in Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

To evaluate the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GPS) against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced hepatotoxicity in Jian carp, the fish were fed diets containing GPS at doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg for 60 days before an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 μg/kg TCDD at a volume of 0.05 mL/10 g body weight. At 72 hr post-injection, blood and liver samples were taken for biochemical analysis and the fish liver samples were used for the preparation of pathological slices. The results showed that increases in alanine aminotransferase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum induced by TCDD were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with 1.0 g/kg GPS. Following the 1.0 g/kg GPS pre-treatment, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in liver tissue increased significantly, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) was significantly inhibited, and the expression of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) mRNA (P < 0.05) was significantly enhanced. Histological observations on fish liver were obtained by preparing paraffin tissue sections via HE staining, and the results showed that histological changes were obviously reduced by 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg GPS. GPS significantly reduced liver tissue damage caused by TCDD. Overall, these results proved the hepatoprotective effect of GPS in protecting against fish liver injury induced by TCDD, and supported the use of GPS (1.0 g/kg) as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent in fish.     

西丽水库叶绿素a时空分布特征及其影响因素

以典型亚热带供水型水库--西丽水库为研究对象,对其2013年4月-2014年6月藻类ρ（Chla）及其相关环境因子进行监测,分析了藻类ρ（Chla）时空演变规律及其与环境因子的关系.结果显示:西丽水库ρ（TChla）（TChla为总叶绿素a）为2.65~60.35μg/L,其中蓝藻ρ（Chla）为0.77~30.58μg/L,硅藻ρ（Chla）为0.77~31.62μg/L,绿藻ρ（Chla）为0.77~12.71μg/L.汛期（6-9月）优势藻为蓝藻,其他时期硅藻占优势,绿藻全年处于较低水平.藻类分布具有明显的空间异质性,ρ（Chla）整体呈西北库区高东南库区低的特点,汛期白芒河入库区域ρ（Chla）偏高,存在一定的藻华风险.汛期盛行西南风,平均风速为2.7 m/s,有利于藻类自高浓度的西部库区向东迁移,一定程度上降低了藻华风险.水库流场空间差异较大,水体流速为0.005~0.025 m/s,水库主导流向为东北-西南,对西北库区的高浓度藻类起到稀释作用.Pearson相关分析和典范对应分析（CCA）显示,温度、有机物以及径流量是影响藻类生长和分布的前三位因子,磷是藻类生长的限制性营养盐.      

遥感法用于车辆实际道路行驶污染状况评估

为了评估满足不同排放标准的在用车在实际道路行驶条件下的污染状况,以2013年3-11月间在北京市朝阳区收集的16.5×104组在用汽油车排放遥感测试大数据为基础,对北京市的在用车实际道路排放水平进行分析和评价.结果表明:新车排放标准升级明显降低了在用车的CO、HC和NO平均排放浓度.从国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ到国Ⅲ以及从国Ⅲ到国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ,每次标准升级使得在用车的CO排放浓度平均降低12%~15%,HC和NO排放浓度分别降低13%和40%左右.与2003年相比,北京市2013年机动车CO、HC和NO排放的平均浓度分别下降了52.1%、82.1%和65.3%,排放标准升级带来的减排效果十分明显.未来排放标准升级过程中应当强化对在用车实际驾驶过程排放的监管,同时积极引导老旧车辆的淘汰更新,加大对排放造假行为的执法和处罚力度.      

洱海表层沉积物中磷形态分布及pH、DO影响的分析

研究了洱海代表性区域表层沉积物中总磷分布及不同形态磷赋存特征,探讨了pH值及溶解氧对沉积物中总磷和各形态磷赋存状态的影响。结果表明洱海表层沉积物中总磷和不同形态磷分布不均,总磷含量湖心高于湖口,湖心区域闭蓄态磷(BD-P和Al-P)和生物有效态磷占总磷的比例较高,更容易受pH和DO的影响,碱性和厌氧条件会增加洱海湖心底泥中磷的潜在释放能力。     

不同冷却方式对火灾后钢构件强度的影响研究

为考查不同冷却方式对火灾后钢构件强度的影响,研究了Q235低碳钢构件在不同加热和冷却条件下的屈服强度和抗拉强度的变化规律,加热温度范围为200~700℃,加热后不同保温时间下冷却方式分别为空气自然冷却、直流水冷却、开花水冷却。试验结果表明:当加热温度低于500℃时,试样强度下降较平缓,而当加热温度超过700℃时,冷却后的试样强度明显低于未受热前的强度;在较低温度范围内具有一定保温时间的试样其力学性能较直接冷却的要好;3种冷却方式中,直流水冷却后试样的屈服强度高于自然冷却和开花水冷却的试样。该结论可为钢结构建筑的火灾扑救方法的选择提供参考。     

总磷TNT试剂在地表水环境监测中的应用研究

为有效监控地表水环境中总磷的变化趋势,落实环境保护水污染防治行动计划.选择稳定性好、分析高效、低能耗的总磷TNT试剂对南京市的长江流域水源地、城市内河道及湖泊治理监控区的地表水环境样品进行监测.应用该试剂测定总磷的方法检出限为0.008 mg/L,相对标准偏差为2.2%~7.4%(n=6),加标回收率为91.0%~110%,有证标准样品同步验证测试的相对误差为-1.3%~1.4%.试验证实总磷TNT试剂应用结果能够满足地表水环境中总磷监测的精密度、准确度要求.     

深圳市大气中全氟化合物的残留特征

为探究深圳市大气中全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)的残留特征,基于负载XAD-4的PUF膜被动采样器采集了2014年11月1日至2015年1月31日深圳市12个位点的大气样品,分析了大气中7种挥发性PFCs和15种离子型PFCs的含量及分布特征.结果表明,深圳市大气中ΣPFCs平均浓度为79.0 pg·m-3(23.7~157 pg·m-3),以挥发性PFCs为主.8∶2氟调聚醇(fluorotelomer alcohol,FTOH)、6∶2 FTOH和全氟戊酸(perfluoropentanoic acid,PFPe A)、全氟辛酸(perfluorooctane acid,PFOA)分别是挥发性和离子型PFCs的主要组分.深圳市大气中挥发性和离子型PFCs的空间分布相同,均呈西北高东南低的态势.此外,6∶2 FTOHs、8∶2 FTOHs、PFPe A、PFHx A和PFOA与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)呈正相关(P0.05,P0.01),而与PM_(10)的相关性更显著.