Understanding why consumers in China switch between wild,farmed, and synthetic bear bile products

An important rationale for legally farmed and synthetic wildlife products is that they reduce illegal, wild-sourced trade by supplying markets with sustainable alternatives. For this to work, more established illegal-product consumers must switch to legal alternatives than new legal-product consumers switch to illegal wild products. Despite the widespread debate on the magnitude and direction of switching, studies among actual consumers are lacking. We used an anonymous online survey of 1421 traditional Chinese medicine consumers in China to investigate switching among legal farmed, synthetic, and illegal wild bear bile. We examined the past consumption behavior, applied a discrete choice experiment framed within worsening hypothetical disease scenarios, and used latent class models to investigate groups with shared preferences. Bear bile consumers (86% respondents) were wealthier, more likely to have family who consumed bile, and less knowledgeable about bile treatments than nonconsumers. Consumer preferences were heterogenous, but most consumer preferences switched between bile types as disease worsened. We identified five distinct latent classes within our sample: law-abiding consumers (34% respondents), who prefer legal products and were unlikely to switch; two all-natural consumer groups (53%), who dislike synthetics but may switch between farmed and wild; and two nonconsumer groups (12%), who prefer not to buy bile. People with past experience of bile consumption had different preferences than those without. Willingness to switch to wild products was related to believing they were legal, although the likelihood of switching was mediated by preferences for cheaper products sold in legal, familiar places. We found that consumers of wild bile may switch to legal alternatives, given the availability of a range of products, whereas legal-product consumers may switch to illegal products if the barriers to doing so are small. Understanding preferences that promote or impede switching should be a key consideration when attempting to predict consumer behavior in complex wildlife markets.     

Comprehensive monitoring technique based on electromagnetic radiation and its applications to mine pressure

Strata pressures are common potential troubles during coal mining, serious ones can cause great catastrophe. This paper presents a new comprehensive electromagnetic radiation (EMR) monitoring technique to monitor and predict these disasters. In this paper, we studied the relationship of EMR emitted by various, uniaxially loaded, coal rock samples (coal, rock, roof-coal-floor composite) in their whole deformation and failure processes to the applied loads, and found that EMR signal is linearly related to the applied loads, while the number of EMR pulses is a third power function of the applied loads. Therefore, EMR signal is capable of reflecting the stress (load) state, deformation and fracture strength, and internal stress state of coal rock mass. Based on the above, we proposed three methods for measuring rock pressure distribution, periodic pressure, and internal stress distribution of coal rock mass on working faces, and conducted field measurements and verifications. The results showed that (i) EMR has a certain correspondence to support resistance of working faces, and can reflect more accurately the face pressure distribution; (ii) in the mining impacted area located within 100 m in the front of working face, the stress distribution has unimodal and bimodal forms; (iii) EMR signal changes periodically with periodic pressure, and can be used to qualitatively observe and evaluate periodic pressure; (iv) tested with antenna in the borehole into coal rock mass, EMR signal can effectively reflect the internal stress distribution and shifting, which was verified by using traditional drilling cuttings method. In addition, EMR can also be used to check the effect of destress blasting as one of the emergency measures. In conclusion, the results are of practical significance for using EMR to monitor rock pressure and guiding safe underground mining.     

KR法铁水脱硫自动控制系统软件的编制及调试

根据KR搅拌式铁水脱硫的工艺流程、设备及操作特点,对铁水脱硫自动控制系统软件进行编制,并对软件调试中出现的问题加以解决,确保系统安全、可靠、高效运行。     

对矿井通风问题的思考

矿井通风问题往往会导致煤矿瓦斯爆炸的事故,从风机选择、系统设计、调节方式及管理等方面提出了看法与建议。     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in aquatic environment and risk assessment along Shaying River,China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are pesticides with global scale ubiquity, persistence and bioaccumulation, which leave long-term residuals in the water body. OCPs’ high toxicity poses significant threats to human health and aquatic biodiversity, making assessment of OCPs’ impact on aquatic ecology and human health urgently necessary. In this research, the presence of 16 OCPs in surface water and groundwater along Shaying River, China, as well as OCPs concentration correlations, was investigated at 24 selected sampling sites. At the same time, the ecological risk and human carcinogenic risk were also analyzed by risk quotient method and USEPA’s Risk Assessment Guidance, respectively. Results showed that the total concentration of OCPs ranged from 21.0 to 61.4 ng L^?1 in groundwater, and 12.3–77.5 ng L^?1 in surface water. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) and heptachlor were the prominent contaminants in groundwater, which indicated their use in the recent past and confirmed their persistence. The α-HCH/γ-HCH ratios in groundwater confirmed that γ-HCH (lindane) was used as main substitute of technical HCH in the study area. The correlation analysis illustrated that δ-HCH and γ-HCH played a dominant role in HCHs residue. Heptachlor and α-HCH, as well as endosulfan and heptachlor epoxide, had a strongly significant positive correlation, suggesting an associated usage of the two pair OCPs. An extremely high ecological risk for aquatic organism was observed for γ-HCH, heptachlor and dieldrin, while the carcinogenic risks posed by the selected OCPs in surface water and groundwater were all acceptable.     

用苎麻生物脱胶废水生产热带假丝酵母单细胞蛋白

采用热带假丝酵母处理苎麻生物脱胶废水。将COD为23 060 mg/L的苎麻生物脱胶废水稀释1倍后进行发酵处理,COD去除率最高,为60.85%。发酵条件的正交实验结果表明:在发酵温度为35℃、初始发酵pH为7.0、接种量为10%、发酵时间为48 h的条件下,苎麻生物脱胶废水COD去除率最高;发酵温度为30℃、初始发酵pH为7.0、接种量为10%、发酵时间为48 h的条件下,单细胞蛋白生成量最高。发酵时间为48 h时,灭菌的发酵培养基的COD去除率为75.75%,单细胞蛋白生成量为5.375 g/L;未灭菌的发酵培养基的COD去除率为72.25%,单细胞蛋白生成量为2.875 g/L。     

乙酸钠为碳源时进水COD和总磷对生物除磷的影响

研究了乙酸钠为碳源时,乙酸盐和总磷浓度对循序间歇式生物除磷工艺运行效果的影响,以及含高浓度乙酸盐废水不能有效除磷的原因结果表明:COD<600mg·L^-1时,随着COD/TP值的增大,总磷去除率提高,COD/TP<50时,磷的去除率提高显著,但当COD/TP>50时,磷的去除变化不大;进水乙酸盐浓度过高(COD>600mg·L^-1)使除磷效率逐渐下降,COD>1000 mg·L^-1会使生物除磷系统完全崩溃;研究发现除磷效率的下降是由于过多的乙酸盐从厌氧段进入了好氧段,引起丝状菌的增殖、污泥膨胀,导致聚磷菌被洗出.     

含油污泥热解处理的试验与应用

介绍了欢三联含油污泥热解处理工程的工艺流程、技术要点、设计参数、运行效果和效益情况。调试工作表明,热解炉系统工艺作为一个整体,能够稳定有效运行,残渣的测验结果表明,残渣可以达到无害化程度,含油率小于0.3%(满足GB 4284-84《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》的要求)。以12t/d的处理量运行,能耗成本为74.47元/t,产生的经济效益为125.50元/t,同时产生较好的社会效益。另外,热解固态产物也有较好的利用价值,可以进一步研究利用。     

餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢综述

针对餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢过程,从工艺、单组分底物厌氧产氢和过程机理研究阐述了国内外进展,并对未来研究发展方向进行了展望.研究成果表明,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢过程可行,但影响因素多,系统不稳定,大部分研究停留在实验室小试阶段.尚需针对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢优势菌种选育、生态因子调控、代谢机理、反应器改进和系统控制模拟等方面开展研究,为该技术的大规模应用提供研究基础.     

城市居住区空气中苯系物的测定来源分析

本文讨论了城市居住区空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯的采集、测量和来源的识别方法，分别在受污染居住区和未受污染居住区，用活性炭吸收、气相色谱法测定苯系物。通过日变化规律对比方法和各种苯系物之间浓度相关性的观察，判断居住区苯系物的来源，为环境管理和污染防治提供科学依据。