闽西北马尾松人工林营养元素的积累与分配格局

通过定位监测与取样分析,研究了41 a生马尾松人工林生态系统中的林木、林下植被、地被物及土壤等各组分营养元素含量、积累及分配特征.对林木的养分含量分析显示,除Ca元素外,针叶的养分含量最高,其次是枝、根、皮,树干的养分含量最低.林下植被层的养分含量比较高,其养分含量大小排列顺序为Ca＞N＞K＞Mg＞P;凋落物中各元素的含量与林木养分含量基本一致;土壤中K含量最高,其次是Mg,而Ca、N、P的含量则比较低.通过对林木生产力的分析表明,马尾松的养分年积累量为110.79 kg·hm-2·a-1,其中叶占34.47%,树干占22.56%,皮、枝和根分别占21.43%、10.91%和10.63%.马尾松林生态系统养分总贮量为187864.77 kg hm-2,其中土壤占98.70%,林木占1.18%,林下植被和凋落物养分元素总贮量较低,仅占总贮量的0.12%.     

Optimization of process parameters of extraction of lotaustralin from the roots of Rhodiola rosea L using supercritical CO2 plus modifier

Lotaustralin from the root of Rhodiola rosea L was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with methanol as modifier. Response surface methodology using Box–Behnken experimental design was utilized to explore parameters for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The effects of various values of temperatures (50–70 °C), pressures (200--400 bar), and percentages of methanol modifier (80%–100%) on the extraction yields of lotaustralin were evaluated. Extract identification was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The experimental data obtained were fitted to second-order polynomial equations and assessed using analysis of variance. The highest yields predicted from the experiments were 2.05 g kg^?1 lotaustralin at the optimal values, i.e. temperature 65 °C, pressure 316 bar, 88% methanol modifier at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min^?1, and dynamic extraction time 90 min.     

A new strain for recovering precious metals from waste printed circuit boards

A new strain, Pseudomonas Chlororaphis (PC), was found for dissolving gold, silver, and copper from the metallic particles of crushed waste printed circuit boards (PCBs). The optimized conditions that greatly improved the ability of producing CN^? (for dissolving metals) were obtained. Dissolving experiments of pure gold, silver, and copper showed that the metals could be changed into Au⁺, Ag⁺, and Cu²⁺. PC cells and their secreta would adsorb metallic ions. Meanwhile, metallic ions destroyed the growth of PC. Dissolving experiments of metallic particles from crushed waste PCBs were performed by PC. The results indicated that 8.2% of the gold, 12.1% silver, and 52.3% copper were dissolved into solution. This paper contributed significance information to recovering precious metals from waste PCBs by bioleaching.     

Identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors (BLRs) with anaerobic granular sludge and residual activated sludge for brewery wastewater treatment and kinetic modeling

Two identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors treating brewery wastewater were inoculated with different types of sludge to compare their operational conditions, sludge characteristics, and kinetic models at a mesophilic temperature. One reactor （R1） started up with anaerobic granular sludge in 12 weeks and obtained a continuously average organic loading rate （OLR） of 7.4 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m3.day）, COD removal efficiency of 80%, and effluent COD of 450 mg/L. The other reactor （R2） started up with residual activated sludge in 30 weeks and granulation accomplished when the reactor reached an average OLR of 8.3 kg COD/（m^3·day）, COD removal efficiency of 90%, and effluent COD of 240 mg/L. Differences in sludge characteristics,biogas compositions, and biogas- lift processes may be accounted for the superior efficiency of the treatment performance of R2 over R1. Grau second-order and modified StoverKincannon models based on influent and effluent concentrations as well as hydraulic retention time were successfully used to develop kinetic parameters of the experimental data with high correlation coefficients （R2 〉 0.95）, which further showed that R2 had higher treatment performance than R1. These results demonstrated that residual activated sludge could be used effectively instead of anaerobic granular sludge despite the need for a longer time.     

Flocculating characteristic of activated sludge flocs: Interaction between Al3+ and extracellular polymeric substances

Aluminum flocculant can enhance the flocculating performance of activated sludge.However,the binding mechanism of aluminum ion(Al 3+) and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) in activated sludge is unclear due to the complexity of EPS.In this work,threedimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy(3DEEM),fluorescence quenching titration and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) were used to explore the binding behavior and mechanism between Al 3+ and EPS.The results showed that two fluorescence peaks of tyrosineand tryptophan-like substances were identified in the loosely bound-extracellular polymeric substances(LB-EPS),and three peaks of tyrosine-,tryptophanand humic-like substances were identified in the tightly boundextracellular polymeric substances(TB-EPS).It was found that these fluorescence peaks could be quenched with Al 3+ at the dosage of 3.0 mg/L,which demonstrated that strong interactions took place between the EPS and Al 3+.The conditional stability constants for Al 3+ and EPS were determined by the Stern-Volmer equation.As to the binding mechanism,the-OH,N-H,C=O,C-N groups and the sulfurand phosphorus-containing groups showed complexation action,although the groups in the LB-EPS and TB-EPS showed different behavior.The TB-EPS have stronger binding ability to Al 3+ than the LB-EPS,and TB-EPS play an important role in the interaction with Al 3+.     

建筑安全防护用品安全网的检查和使用

本文主要介绍安全网的检查和使用。安全网是建筑工程施工中的安全防护措施,是使建筑工程实现安全、高效,防止安全亊故发生的重要环节。     

液桥凝聚用于办公废纸脱墨的研究

研究了混合办公废纸脱墨的选择性凝聚技术,在废纸浆中添加分散在水中并不与水相溶的长链烷作凝聚剂,这些凝聚剂选择性地将印刷墨粉通过液桥连结在一起,且形成大颗粒的球形聚团,再分选脱除.研究表明只需要加入占纸重量4%的廉价长链烷,即可获得95%以上的脱墨率.因此在混合办公废纸脱墨时加入凝聚剂进行液桥凝聚,可降低脱墨浆中的尘埃度并增加产品的白度.     

TTC-脱氢酶还原法测定藻细胞活性的优化与评价

TTC-脱氢酶还原法可用于藻细胞活性的测定,但藻细胞色素会对测定产生影响。实验结果显示,当4mL细胞密度为1．3×10^10个／L的藻样,在提取剂浓度大于60％时,色素在485nm处产生吸光度值迭0．35-0．52,对测定产生较大干扰。采用正已烷进行萃取,可去除部分色素干扰,能将色素产生吸光度值降到0．14-0．32。碱性物质会破坏色素,在乙醇提取剂中加入KOH或NaOH,可将色素产生吸光度值从0．14—0．32降到0．04～0．26,所加碱性物质最佳浓度为0．001M～0．01M,过高浓度会破坏TTC的还原产物三苯基甲腊（TPF）。色素去除的最佳条件是：使用含0．001M～0．01MKOH或NaOH的50％乙醇作为提取剂,提取TPF后,用正已烷进行萃取,色素所致吸光度值可从0．45降至0．04,基本将色素干扰去除。     

基于生态绿当量的开封土地利用研究

基于生态绿当量的提出与模型的建立,计算水田、旱田、园地和林地的生态绿当量,得到研究区域的综合绿当量,并将该值与以最佳森林覆盖率的生态优化标准进行比较。对研究区域的土地利用结构进行现状评价,在此基础上对研究区域土地利用结构进行优化调整。以开封为例,针对开封土地利用问题,提出优化方案,以期达到经济、社会和生态效益的统一。