Ultraviolet photolysis of four typical cardiovascular drugs: mechanisms,influencing factors,degradation pathways,and toxicity trends

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The cardiovascular drugs (CDDs), such as metoprolol (MET), atenolol (ATE), bezafibrate (BZB), and atorvastatin (ATO), have been frequently detected in...     

基于GIS和OREMS的洪灾避难系统

面对突发的灾害,人类采取避难转移的方式来减少生命和财产的损失。大范围的人口转移是一个十分复杂的过程,必须有合理的计划和有效地利用现有的交通设施。提出了基于GIS和OREMS的洪灾避难系统来模拟洪灾的避难转移过程。根据洪灾危险区的统计资料,应用基于GIS的风暴潮洪灾风险系统分析洪灾淹没范围、避难区域的人口分布、路网结构,使用OREMS避难交通模型模拟避难过程。以长兴岛为例进行洪灾避难交通模拟,得到避难耗费时间,路网拥堵路段,并且在分析模拟结果的基础上对避难计划进行优化。     

污水排海工程设计的初步研究

本文结合我国国情根据混合区边缘污染物背景值以及海域功能，从而确定允许的污染物最大增加值，并具此推算出扩散器长度和起始稀释度。     

基于假设抽取法的中国区域间碳排放关联分析

区域间碳排放的产业关联可为区域间碳减排责任分摊提供科学依据,运用HEM（hypothetical extraction method,假设抽取法）,以不同年份中国各省（自治区、直辖市）区域间投入产出表（不包含港澳台地区数据）为基础,对比分析了2012年和2007年中国八大区域17个产业群的碳关联以及各区域的PBE（基于生产的碳排放）和CBE（基于消费的碳排放）.结果表明:①与2007年相比,2012年中国八大区域总碳排放量变化趋势稳定,但是部分区域某些产业群的碳排放量有明显上升或下降的趋势;2012年和2007年八大区域各产业群对产业系统净输出和净吸收的碳具有显著的相似性.②2012年和2007年中国八大区域的建筑业后项碳关联相对指标均大于1,其中,2012年中部区域、西北区域和西南区域建筑业后项碳关联相对指标分别为9.446、6.935、8.365,2007年分别为5.428、7.576、5.298,这3个区域的建筑业后项碳关联位居八大区域的前三位,是建筑业最具潜力的三大碳排放区域;除京津区域和南部沿海区域以外,其余区域的石化工业,电力蒸汽热水、煤气自来水生产供应业等前项碳关联相对指标均大于1.③PBE较大的区域,其CBE也较大,如三大沿海区域、中部区域和西部区域,而京津区域的PBE和CBE均最小.④各区域的石化工业和电力蒸汽热水、煤气自来水生产供应业的PBE均最大,建筑业和其他服务业的CBE最大.研究显示,发达的沿海区域和发展中区域减排责任分摊比重较高,其对能源需求较高,致使产生的碳排放较多,其中尤以石化工业和电力蒸汽热水、煤气自来水生产供应业等对碳排放的影响较大.      

Estrogenic effects of water from the Yangtze River （Nanjing section） on goldfish （Carassius auratus） after an early life stage exposure

Effects of river water from the Yangtze River (Nanjing section) on fish development, vitellogenin (VTG) induction, gonado-somatic index (GSI) and sex ratio were investigated by exposing goldfish (Carassius auratus) in the early life stage (from fertilization to 28 days post-hatch) to water samples (25%, 50% and 100%) collected from three representative sections. The results showed that there was no significant effect on hatching success for any of the exposure groups, but survival was significantly reduced when compared with the control (P < 0.05). Body lengths, weights of all treated fish did not differ significantly from those of the control. Condition factors (CF) of larval fish exposed to 50% and 100% river water from the Jiangxinzhou section and 100% river water from the Daqiao section were significantly lower than that of the control (P< 0.05). VTG inductions were significant in larval fish exposed to all the dilution series of river water. No significant difference in CF value was observed in any exposure group after 150 days of depuration. VTG was fully eliminated after 75 days of depuration. For both female and male, GSI did not significantly differ between exposure groups and the control after 150 days of convalescence. The highest female:male ratios were observed in response to the treatment with 50% or 100% river water from the Jiangxinzhou section and 100% river water from the Daqiao section (53:47, 56:44 and 54:46, respectively), but no significant difference in sex ratio was observed in any treated group when compared to the control. The results showed that early life stage exposure of river water from the Yangtze River (Nanjing section) had adverse effects on goldfish development and reproductive health, and the effects on CF and VTG were reversible after depuration in clean water.     

Fish transplantation and stress-related biomarkers as useful tools for assessing water quality

The active biomonitoring (ABM) approach was investigated using species of indigenous (from a pristine site) and transplanted (to a polluted area) fish Carassius auratus as an indicator organism of water/sediment pollution in Taihu Lake, a highly urbanized and industrialized area. The biotransformation enzymes 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), reduced glutathione (GSH) content, catalase activities (CAT) and lipoperoxidation (as MDA) in liver were determined as stress-related biomarkers during the field exposure period. At the same time, the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and heavy metals in the surface sediments of biomonitoring sites were also determined. The results indicate that the in situ exposed organisms were stressed. The marked increases of EROD, GSH, CAT and MDA in transplanted animals, suggested their potential application as biomarkers in pollution monitoring. Integrated biomarker response (IBR) was used to evaluate an integrated impact of toxicants from different polluted sites.     

陕西省食用菌中重金属含量及分布规律研究

为了解陕西省食用菌中重金属的污染状况并评价其污染程度,根据2013年陕西省污染物监测计划对235份食用菌中的重金属进行测定,对检测结果进行统计分析,评价其污染程度,评估陕西居民经食用菌类所致的重金属暴露量。食用菌中镉、汞、铅和砷的平均含量分别为0.0633、0.0189、0.0571和0.0692 mg·kg~(-1)。以平均含量进行评价,单因子污染指数较高的分别是鲜蘑菇中汞0.23、干蘑菇中镉0.36和砷0.35,此三者均属于轻度污染水平,其余均为正常背景水平;以高值P90(表示90%的样品含量低于该值)进行评价,干蘑菇中镉的单因子污染指数为1.12,表明部分干蘑菇存在镉污染,且其综合污染指数亦0.7,为警戒线水平;结合联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织下的食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的各重金属耐受量,计算得出食用菌中重金属的安全消费量,此值较高,食用安全性良好。整体而言,陕西省食用菌中的重金属污染情况较轻,居民通过食用菌类所致重金属的暴露量在安全范围内,少数食用菌样品重金属含量较高,主要可能与其种植环境有关。     

某润滑油污染场地健康风险评估

总石油烃(total petroleum hydrocarbons, TPH)是烃总量的一个表征,包含各种烃类化合物,对人体具有极大的危害.通过对四川省某润滑油厂拆迁场地采样调查,分析了污染物分布特征,在明确未来规划用途的条件下,用分馏法以高碳石油烃毒性参数对污染地块的石油烃进行了风险评估.结果表明,场地主要污染物为石油烃C10～C40,主要污染区域为生产车间、室外原油堆放区、油桶堆放区、油罐堆放区和废水处理池.不同功能区石油烃C10～C40垂直分布特征不同,同一土壤层不同功能区域石油烃C10～C40污染程度也不同.对不同组成成分的石油烃C10～C40进行风险评估,其评价结果也不同.总的来说HI(脂肪族∶芳香族含量比为100∶0)＜HI(脂肪族∶芳香族含量比为79.4∶20.6)＜HI(脂肪族∶芳香族含量比为0∶100).当脂肪族∶芳香族含量比为100∶0和79.4∶20.6时,石油烃C10～C40总危害商＜1,石油烃C10～C40浓度在人体健康可接受的范围内,不需要进行土壤风险控制值计算;当脂肪族∶芳香族含量比为0∶100时,石油烃C10～C40总危害商＞1,存在非致癌风险;综合非致癌效应的土壤风险控制值为8 168.58 mg·kg-1 .     

基于政府监管与油气企业安全投资的博弈分析

石油天然气企业属于多工种的综合性企业,其生产过程是从寻找油气资源开始,到加工生产出合格的石油工业产品的整个过程。它包括了油气资源的勘探、钻井、油（气）田建设、采油采气、井下作业、油气集输、石油炼制等。     

指示水生生态系统环境雌激素暴露的多种生物标志物的选择

废水中复杂的成分及其复杂的作用机制和外界的种种不确定性因素为水生生态系统中环境雌激素的风险研究造成了困难.文章介绍了用于指示环境雌激素污染的主要生物标志物以及与不同环境雌激素相应的生物转化酶,阐述了卵黄蛋白原、精子DNA损伤、细胞色素P450、谷胱甘酞S-转移酶及黄素单加氧酶等的生物化学响应原理、应用范围以及国内外最新研究进展.针对真实环境的雌激素复合污染现状,筛选一系列互补、敏感、准确、高效的生物标志物,研究它们的变化规律及其相互关系将有利于揭示环境雌激素的致毒机理,并在污染环境早期诊断和生态风险评价中发挥重要作用.