Study of aerosol composition in some clean areas of China

On Peak Namjagbarwa (Tibet Plateau), Lushan Mountain (Province Jiangxi), Flower Mountain and Shangdianzi (Beijing, near Great Wall) aerosol samples have been collected by cascade samplers. For comparison aerosol samples from Beijing City, Pacific Ocean and South Pole also have been collected. Samples were analyzed with PIXE or XFA instruments. Factor analysis and enrichment factor calculation were performed to process the data.     

The development of WEEE management and effects of the fund policy for subsidizing WEEE treating in China

The consumption of electrical and electronic equipment is surging, so is the generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Due to the large quantity, high potential risk and valuable capacity of WEEE, many countries are taking measures to regulate the management of WEEE. The environmental pollution and human health-harming problems caused by irregular treatment of WEEE in China make the government pay more and more attention to its management. This paper reviews the development of WEEE management in China, introduces the new policy which is established for WEEE recycling and especially analyzes the effectiveness of the policy, including huge recovery, formation of new recycling system, strict supervision to related enterprises, and the stimulation to public awareness. Based on the current achievement, some recommendations are given to optimize the WEEE management in China.     

Eutrophication in the Yunnan Plateau lakes: the influence of lake morphology, watershed land use, and socioeconomic factors

Introduction  

Lakes play an important role in socioeconomic development and ecological balance in China, but their water quality has deteriorated considerably in recent decades. In this study, we investigated the spatial–temporal variations of eutrophication parameters (secchi depth, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll-a, trophic level index, and trophic state index) and their relationships with lake morphology, watershed land use, and socioeconomic factors in the Yunnan Plateau lakes.     

Effect of the air pollution on atmospheric visibility in Beijing-Tianjin area

Simultaneous measurements of air pollutant concentrations and atmospheric visibility were made in Beijing and Tianjin areas in 1983-1985. The relationship between air pollution and visibility was studied. It was found that atmospheric particulates have the most high contribution to visibility decreasing. The percentages of contributions of sulfates and soot are 52-58% and 22-29% respectively. According to the results, we suggest that the emission of SO2 and particulates must be controlled in order to improve the atmospheric visibility.     

A primary study of nitrous oxide emission in agriculture region of Northern China

Significance of nitrous oxide in atmospheric chemistry is reviewed briefly. Background concentration of N2O at Wudaoliang in Qinghai Province of Western China has been measured by collecting gas samples and analysing them with electron capture-gas chromatography. The atmospheric concentration fluctuates in the range of 303-315 ppb with the mean value of 308 ppb. The emission rate of N2O in agriculture region of Northern China has been studied primarily. Fertilization, rain and temperature of soil appear conductible to N2O emission. The interactions between greenhouse effect and N2O emission have been discussed. The catalytic action of N2O in stratospheric ozone depletion processes and the effect of high N2O concentration on ozone depletion in stratosphere have been considered and discussed.     

湿地在面源污染治理中的应用回顾与展望

面源污染是导致水环境污染的主要因素之一,具有分布面广、排放量大、随机性强等特征,因此治理难度非常大。湿地通常指位于陆地和水域生态系统之间的过渡带,被认为是治理面源污染最有效的方式之一。湿地主要通过微生物反硝化、土壤吸附、沉淀以及植物吸收等途径来实现对面源污染物的截留和降解。国内对湿地在面源污染防治中的作用关注较晚,始于上世纪80年代初期。运用于面源污染防治的湿地类型主要有人工湿地、湖滨带、河岸带湿地、氧化塘、生态沟渠等。面源污染的治理应当同点源污染的治理紧密结合,高效发挥湿地的净化功能和景观效应。在构建人工湿地时应保护好天然湿地并慎用外来物种,此外人工湿地的后续管理也需要进一步加强。     

Floristic Characteristics and Biodiversity Patterns in the Baishuijiang River Basin,China

A case study was conducted on the forest ecosystem in the Baishuijiang River basin of China to reveal the influences of environmental factors and human disturbance on the floristic characteristics and biodiversity patterns. Field surveys of the floristic composition, environmental factors, and disturbance factors were conducted along an elevation gradient, and the relationships between biodiversity pattern and environmental factors were analyzed using CCA (canonical correspondence analysis). The results showed that the floristic composition of higher plants consisted of 197 families, 796 genera, 2165 species, 19 subspecies, 239 varietas, and 12 forma, and it was characterized by the multi-geographic composition and by the transition from tropical to temperate zones. Along an elevation gradient, the variations in α and β diversity were best described by a bimodal curve, and the peak values occurred at middle elevations. The CCA indicated that the elevation had the greatest influence on the biodiversity pattern, followed by the topographic index, slope direction, slope, slope position, slope shape, and vegetation coverage. In addition, human disturbance has greatly impacted the floristic composition and biodiversity patterns, and the biodiversity indices were higher with intermediate disturbance at middle elevations compared to higher and lower disturbances at low and high elevations, respectively. This reflected a disturbance–diversity pattern and thus revealed the obvious importance to maintain the intermediate disturbance for biodiversity conservation.     

Generation and management of waste electric vehicle batteries in China

With the increasing adoption of EVs (electric vehicles), a large number of waste EV LIBs (electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries) were generated in China. Statistics showed generation of waste EV LIBs in 2016 reached approximately 10,000 tons, and the amount of them would be growing rapidly in the future. In view of the deleterious effects of waste EV LIBs on the environment and the valuable energy storage capacity or materials that can be reused in them, China has started emphasizing the management, reuse, and recycling of them. This paper presented the generation trend of waste EV LIBs and focused on interrelated management development and experience in China. Based on the situation of waste EV LIBs management in China, existing problems were analyzed and summarized. Some recommendations were made for decision-making organs to use as valuable references to improve the management of waste EV LIBs and promote the sustainable development of EVs.     

电子与电器废弃物资源化处理技术

当今世界电子、电器工业快速发展,层出不穷的技术创新与持续膨胀的市场需求加速了电子与电器设备的更新换代,产生了大量的电子与电器废弃物(WEEE).鉴于WEEE所带来的严重的环境问题及其所含有的金属、贵金属、塑料及玻璃等高利用价值的材料,对WEEE进行资源化再循环处理已成为人们关注的热点.WEEE组成材料在密度、铁磁性、导电性等物理性质方面的较大差异使采用环境友好的机械物理方法对其进行资源化再循环处理成为可能.就WEEE拆解及其所含物质机械物理分离研究进展进行了综述.     

Upgrading pyrolytic carbon-blacks (CBp) from end-of-life tires: Characteristics and modification methodologies

• Modification methodologies of upgrading CBp from ELTs were reviewed. • Surface microstructures and physiochemical properties of CBp were analyzed. • Future perspectives of ELTs pyrolysis industries were suggested. Over 1 billion end-of-life tires (ELTs) are generating annually, and 4 billion ELTs are currently abandoned in landfills and stockpiles worldwide, according to the statistics, leading to the environmental and health risks. To circumvent these issues, pyrolysis, as an attractive thermochemical process, has been addressed to tackle the ELTs’ problem to reduce the risks as well as increase the material recycling. However, due to the lack of systematic characteristic analysis and modification methods, poor quality of CBp limits the improvement of ELTs pyrolysis in industry applications, which plays a crucial role in the economic feasibility of pyrolysis process. In this review, we have summarized the state-of-the-art characteristics and modification methodologies of the upgrading of CBp, to in-depth understand the surface microstructures and physiochemical properties of CBp for the foundation for modification afterwards. By virtue of the proper selection of modification methods and modifying agents, the new generation of multifunctional carbon materials with desired properties can be instead of the traditional materials of CB, promising broader and various application fields.