Mediastinal teratomas have rarely been discovered during the prenatal period. When seen during the neonatal period, these tumours have caused respiratory distress or hydrops fetalis. We present the sonographic and pathological findings of a rapidly developing anterior mediastinal teratoma causing hydrops fetalis and in utero demise at 27 weeks' gestation. 相似文献
Uptake and metabolisation of arsenic as a function of both the plant type and the chemical form of arsenic were examined. For this purpose two different plant species (Silene vulgaris and Plantago major) were selected that differed in their vitality and accumulation behaviour on arsenic-loaded substrates. The plants were cultivated on soil and irrigated with aqueous solutions of an inorganic arsenic compound (arsenious acid) and an organic compound (dimethylarsinate). The arsenic species accumulated in the parts of the plants above ground were extracted by PLE and determined using IC-ICP-MS. The concentrations and metabolisation products of arsenic found in the extracts indicate different mechanisms of arsenic uptake and transformation in both angiosperms. The arsenic species pattern showed that S. vulgaris was more arsenic--tolerable than P. major which is attributed to a low arsenate to arsenite concentration ratio in the plant compartments. S. vulgaris was also able to demethylate and reduce dimethylarsinate to form arsenite in a high extent. P. major accumulated only eight times lower concentration of arsenic, and the arsenate to arsenite concentration ratio shifted to higher values. Metabolisation products of dimethylarsinate did not occur under the present experimental conditions. The vitality of the angiosperms seems to be very dependent on the ability of the plant to reduce arsenate to arsenite. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Nach wie vor findet der Faktor Zeit in den Umweltwissenschaften zu wenig Beachtung. Langfristige Beobachtungen und Me?reihen
in der ?kologischen Forschung, wie sie für die Bewertung und Prognosen von Umweltzust?nden und-entwicklunger, unabdingbar
w?ren, scheinen die Ausnahme zu sein. Besonders komplexe ?kosysteme, wie terrestrische oder marine Systeme, kennzeichnen sich
auch durch l?ngere natürliche Eigenzeiten, die deshalb bei ihrer Erforschung berücksichtigt werden mü?ten. In diesem Zusammenhang
soll verdeutlicht werden, welche Rolle zeitliche Parameter speziell in der terrestrischen ?kosystemforschung spielen. Zu diesem
Zweck wurde eine Datenbank konzipiert, die Hauptcharakteristika von ?kosystemaren Analysen aufnehmen kann. Forschungsberichte
verschiedener ?kosystemforschungszentren wurden zur Aufnahme in die Datenbank bearbeitet. Gezielte Abfragen auf den Datenpool
erm?glichen dann eine Auswertung hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Ausrichtung bestimmter Untersuchungen. Dabei stellte sich — neben
einer teilweisen Ungleichheit der Zeitskalen von Experiment und Realit?t — u.a. heraus, da? l?ngerfristige Untersuchungen
?u?erst selten durchgeführt werden. So vielf?ltig die Gründe für dieses Defizit auch sein m?gen, sie k?nnen nicht von der
Forderung nach st?rkerer Berücksichtigung von langzeitlichen Beobachtungen ablenken, will die ?kosystemforschung die an sie
gestellten Aufgaben erfüllen.
相似文献
A method is presented for determining production and consumption rates of .OH radicals produced photochemically in natural surface waters. It is based on the determination of the kinetics by which the concentration of a specified trace compound decreases during irradiation. In samples from Lake Greifensee (Switzerland) low production rates for .OH limit its possible effects. In addition, fast consumptions by the natural dissolved organic solutes and by the bicarbonate protect organic micropollutants from oxidation by .OH. Neither direct nor indirect H2O2 photolysis was a significant source of .OH in the lakewater studied lacking iron, whereas nitrate photolysis could have been a source. Comparison with reaction kinetic formulations allows generalizations for other types of waters. 相似文献
A program to fit theoretically modelled uptake and clearance periods of the bioconcentration of chemicals to experimental data using a programmable pocket calculator with thermal printer is reported. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) is calculated from the ratio of uptake and clearance rate constants. Because of the impossibility to linearize the kinetic equations an iterative nonlinear GAUSS-NEWTON least-squares fit has been applied for the pocket calculator programm ACCUTI-59, which calculates from a set of start parameters the best values for uptake and clearance rate constants, BCF, and the standard errors as well as the sum of squared deviations. A listing of the program is given. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Eine Zusammenstellung der Ozon-Me?werte der Luftme?stationnetze in Hessen und NRW ergab für die Jahresmittelwerte von 1990–1998
im Durchschnitt eine schwache Abnahme der Ozonkonzentrationen. Dabei lagen die Jahresmittelwerte der Ozonkonzentrationen über
Waldstationen doppelt so hoch wie über Stadtstationen. Die Ozonkonzentrationen verhalten sich im regionalen Vergleich umgekehrt
proportional zur Verkehrsdichte. In der Zahl der überschreitungen der gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzwerte von ≥180 μg Ozon/m3 pro Jahr lagen die Waldstationen mit dem 2–3 fachen Wert über den Stadtstationen. Lediglich die j?hrlichen Maximalwerte der
stündlich gemessenen Ozonwerte n?hern sich einander.
Die hohen Ozonwerte über den Waldstationen stehen im Zusammenhang mit den niedrigen Konzentrationen von NOx. Nachts reduziert
sich das Ozon über den Waldstationen durch Rückreaktion mit vergleichsweise geringen Konzentrationen von NO nur bis ca. 50%,
w?hrend der Ozongehalt über Stadtstationen bis nahe Null absinkt. Dieser Vorgang über den Stadtstationen wird auch durch Photolyse
des in hohen Konzentrationen vorliegenden NO2 und die dadurch erfolgende erh?hte Bildung von Ozon w?hrend des Tages nicht wieder kompensiert.
Für die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse gibt es prinzipiell keine Unterschiede zwischen den Ozonverh?ltnissen in Hessen und
NRW.
相似文献
Goal, Scope and Background Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) is a well-accepted marker for biological effects in fish and is, therefore, part of numerous monitoring programmes. EROD activity was measured in livers of dab (Limanda limanda) from the German Bight (North Sea) from 1995 to 2003. The aim of the present long-term study was (a) time trend monitoring of EROD activity of dab from the German Bight and (b) to elucidate the needs for a successful application of EROD activity as an early warning system.
Methods. EROD activities were determined fluorimetrically in dab liver microsomes, using resorufin as an external standard. The limit of detection (LD) and the limit of quantification (LQ) were calculated. Results were referred to protein concentrations.
Results and Discussion. EROD activities of 610 female dab caught in different seasons between January 1995 and August 2003 were analyzed individually. Activities varied from 〈 LD to 1768 pmol/(min mg protein) and showed an annual cycle as well as significant differences between the years. Highest EROD activities were observed in early summer and lowest activities during the winter period. In autumn 2002, significantly elevated EROD activities were detected, possibly related to effects of the River Elbe flood event. Two scenarios with different EROD baseline data are presented to discuss the prerequisites for the use of EROD as a monitoring tool. The comparison of these scenarios underlines the importance of appropriate season-specific baseline data.
Conclusion. The use of EROD as an early warning tool for contaminant effects in dab in the German Bight has different prospects during the year, because, due to the high background variability, elevated EROD activities are less easy to detect in spring/summer than during the remaining times of the year.
Recommendation and Outlook. The availability of site-specific data on the EROD baseline level, its random variation and its annual cycle is a necessary prerequisite for monitoring. If monitoring is to be carried out only for a limited time period of the year, a season with low background variability in EROD activity (autumn) should be chosen to avoid the need for a compensation of the temperature-triggered shift in sexual cycles and the resulting changes in EROD activity. 相似文献
Cross-border transport of ozone is one of the most contentious issues of air pollution management in the U.S. Yet, both the modeling and observational studies are lacking. Models are normally validated by comparing predicted and observed ozone concentrations. However, proper validation of cross-border transport model requires a comparison of predictions against observation-based benchmarks of cross-border ozone transport. Such benchmarks are unavailable, as published observation-based studies always deal only with a combination of local production and cross-border transport, not a cross-border transport itself. We show how to extract necessary benchmarks from observations of rural monitoring sites near state borders. On example of the western border of New York, we find that in about two-thirds of the most polluted days all the ozone came in a steady cross-border inflow after previously passing over one or more large urban areas to the west. In all the enumerated days with direct cross-border inflow, daily maximum 8-hr concentrations of ozone just upwind of the border were over 60 ppb, with an average value of 68 ppb, just short of the 70 ppb ozone regulatory threshold, information also useful to state air pollution authorities.
Implications: The purpose of the cross-border ozone pollution models is to predict cross-border transport of ozone, so the ability of the model to accurately represent observed ozone concentrations is necessary but not sufficient for model validation. The accuracy of predicted ozone concentrations is not necessarily the same as the accuracy of the predictions of ozone transport. Proper model validation requires comparisons against observation-based benchmarks of cross-border transport. Such observations, so far absent, can be obtained from rural monitoring sites near state borders, as illustrated by the example of western New York. 相似文献
Summary The response of the starling to sugar solutions was investigated as this species, which eats sweet fruits, does not prefer sugar solutions according to the literature.In choice tests using two identical fountains, moderate preference for higher concentrations (0.5 M and 1 M) of glucose and fructose to water was demonstrated. The same concentrations of sucrose were rejected. Lower concentrations (0.25 M and less) of all three sugars were neither preferred nor rejected. In choice tests using two differently coloured fountains the subjects did not generally respond more sensitively to sugar solutions. In learning experiments with differently coloured fountains the starlings developed very marked preferences for 0.5 M glucose and 0.5 M fructose and a corresponding rejection of 0.5 M sucrose in the course of 1–2 days. In a learning experiment with dentical fountains they also developed a pronounced preference; the preference values obtained, however, are higher if secondary cues such as the colour of the fountain or its position are available. In short time tests immediate responses to sugar solutions could not be demonstrated.The rejection of sucrose is attributed to illness-induced aversion learning, the learned preference for glucose and fructose to the preference according to gain in energy per unit of time as postulated by the optimal foraging theory. Taste sensations play, if any, only a minor role. The learning mechanisms operating in the experiments could be employed by the starling for the selection of fruits. 相似文献