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131.
Patrick M. Palmer Lloyd R. Wilson Ann C. Casey Robert E. Wagner 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,175(1-4):487-499
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in raw and finished drinking water at seven Public Water Systems (PWSs) along the Hudson River as part of a baseline monitoring program prior to the extensive sediment dredging of the Upper Hudson River. Water samples were either analyzed using an Aroclor method (based on USEPA Method 508) or a congener method (Modified Green Bay Mass Balance Method). Using the congener-based method, raw water concentrations ranged from <9.3 to 164.3 ng/L and finished water concentrations ranged from <9.3 to 186.6 ng/L. Using the Aroclor method, finished water concentrations ranged from <5.0 to 200.9 ng/L. Most finished water samples above 73.0 ng/L were from a PWS with wells drilled near the river. Excluding the well data, total PCB concentrations in raw water at systems in the Upper River were similar to concentrations at systems in the Lower River, though the congener patterns differed. Paired comparison of total PCB concentrations using the two analytical methods showed good agreement, although raw water showed a different relationship than finished water. 相似文献
132.
Shlosberg A Rumbeiha WK Lublin A Kannan K 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(6):1547-1558
DABSE, a database for avian blood spot examination for exposure to toxicants, is a new biomonitoring project in wild birds that has the goal of providing reference values of harmful agents, as measured in whole blood stored as dried blood spots. Once these "normal" values have been established, the diagnosis of environmental contaminant-mediated ill-health (such as manifestations of sickness, increased mortality, a reduction in population, poor breeding success, abnormal behavior) in an individual bird or in a population could be facilitated by comparing exposure values in the investigation to reference values of the same species in the database. One might then identify the cause and pave the way for a mitigating response. The toxicant component of DABSE is being examined at the low ng ml(-1) level in 200 μl of whole blood. As these analyses are invariably very costly, an effort has been made to lower these costs and so enable more testing by quantitating representative compounds as markers for the whole group. These markers are invariably found in birds' blood at the highest concentration of all the constituents in that group. The toxicant groups comprise:- (a) elements-arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and selenium; (b) organochlorine pesticides, markers being p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, β-HCH, HCB and oxychlordane; (c) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the marker being congener 153; (d) polybrominated diphenyl esters (PBDEs), the marker being congener 47; (e) perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), the markers being perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). DABSE will be expanded to determine exposure to infectious diseases and perhaps acute toxicoses. 相似文献
133.
Jawad Ali H. Rangabhashiyam S. Abdulhameed Ahmed Saud Syed-Hassan Syed Shatir A. ALOthman Zeid A. Wilson Lee D. 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2022,30(7):2759-2773
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - A new biocomposite cross-linked glutaraldehyde-chitosan/MgO/Fe3O4 (CTS-GL/MgO/Fe3O4) adsorbent with magneto-responsiveness was prepared and applied for the... 相似文献
134.
The new city of Abuja provided an opportunity to avoid some of the environmental problems associated with other major cities in Africa. The current status of solid waste management in Abuja has been reviewed and recommendations for improvements are made. The existing solid waste management system is affected by unfavourable economic, institutional, legislative, technical and operational constraints. A reliable waste collection service is needed and waste collection vehicles need to be appropriate to local conditions. More vehicles are required to cope with increasing waste generation. Wastes need to be sorted at source as much as possible, to reduce the amount requiring disposal. Co-operation among communities, the informal sector, the formal waste collectors and the authorities is necessary if recycling rates are to increase. Markets for recycled materials need to be encouraged. Despite recent improvements in the operation of the existing dumpsite, a properly sited engineered landfill should be constructed with operation contracted to the private sector. Wastes dumped along roads, underneath bridges, in culverts and in drainage channels need to be cleared. Small-scale waste composting plants could promote employment, income generation and poverty alleviation. Enforcement of waste management legislation and a proper policy and planning framework for waste management are required. Unauthorized use of land must be controlled by enforcing relevant clauses in development guidelines. Accurate population data is necessary so that waste management systems and infrastructure can be properly planned. Funding and affordability remain major constraints and challenges. 相似文献
135.
This paper examines the use of on-board global positioning system (GPS) data recorders as a method to collect field data on the movements of solid waste collection vehicles at transfer stations. The movements of five waste collection vehicles using four different transfer facilities were compared over a period of 1 year. The spatial data were analyzed using geofences to determine the amount of time each truck spent on each of four activities: queuing for access to the weigh scale, sitting on the weigh scale, queuing for access to the tipping floor, and unloading waste. The study found that queuing delays can be identified and measured using GPS data. The average time at a facility for all trucks was 16.4min per visit, with a standard deviation of 14.3min. Time at the facility ranged between 2 and 111min per visit and the distribution of time at the facility was positively skewed. Multi-compartment vehicles (co-collection and recycling trucks) spent significantly more time at unloading facilities. There were also significant differences in the length and the location of the queues at different facilities. At one facility, the longest delays were encountered while waiting for the weigh scale, at two facilities trucks experienced delays in obtaining access to the tipping floor, while at the fourth facility no significant delays developed. 相似文献
136.
The inorganic nitrogen transformations occurring at a municipal waste leachate treatment facility were investigated. The treatment
facility consisted of a collection well and an artificial wetland between two aeration ponds. The first aeration pond showed
a decrease in ammonium (from 3480 (± 120) to 630(± 90) mg ⋅ L−1), a reduction in inorganic nitrogen load (3480 to 1680 mg N ⋅ L−1), and an accumulation of nitrite (< 1.3 mg-N ⋅ L−1 in the collection well, to 1030 mg-N ⋅ L−1). Incomplete ammonium oxidation was presumably the result of the low concentration of carbonate alkalinity (∼2 mg ⋅ L−1), which may cause a limitation in the ammonium oxidation rate of nitrifiers. Low carbonate alkalinity levels may have been
the result of stripping of CO2 from the first aeration pond at the high aeration rates and low pH. Various chemodenitrification mechanisms are discussed
as the reason for the reduction in the inorganic nitrogen load, including; the reduction of nitrite by iron (II) (producing
various forms of gaseous nitrogen); and reactions involving nitrous acid. It is suggested that the accumulation of nitrite
may be the result of inhibition of nitrite oxidizers by nitrous acid and low temperatures. Relative to the first aeration
pond, the speciation and concentration of inorganic nitrogen was stable in the wetlands and 2nd aeration pond. The limited
denitrification in the wetlands most probably occurred due to low concentrations of organic carbon, and short retention times. 相似文献
137.
Trott D Dawson JJ Killham KS Miah MR Wilson MJ Paton GI 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(1):44-50
Despite the widespread and successful use of luminescence-based bioassays in water testing, their applications to soils and sediments is less proven. In part this is because such bioassays have mainly been carried out in an aqueous-based medium and, as such, favour contaminants that are readily water-soluble. In this study, aqueous solutions and soils contaminated with heavy metals (HM), polar organic contaminants and hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) were tested using a range of luminescence-based bioassays (Vibrio fischeri, Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 10586r pUCD607). For the first two chemical groups, the assays were highly reproducible when optimised extraction procedures were employed but for HOCs the bioassay response was poor. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) obtained from aqueous solutions had a linear response although correlation for the chemicals tested using bacterial bioassays was significantly less sensitive than that of sublethal tests for Tetrahymena pyriformis. Bacterial and Dendrobaena veneta bioassay responses to extracts from HM amended soils showed that a clear relationship between trophic levels could be obtained. There is no doubt that the wide range of bioluminescent-based bioassays offers complementary applications to traditional testing techniques but there is a significant need to justify and optimise the extraction protocol prior to application. 相似文献
138.
R. Wilson G. Peters J. Regel D. Grémillet K. Pütz M. Kierspel H. Weimerskirch J. Cooper 《Marine Biology》1998,130(4):559-566
Stomach temperature loggers have proved useful for the study of feeding activity in free-living seabirds, but their usage
has been restricted because they are frequently dislodged and lost during the seabirds' regular regurgitation of indigestible
prey remains. In the present study we examine the incidence of spontaneous regurgitation (pellet production) in free-living
seabirds, consider the effect this has on the likely retrieval of stomach temperature loggers and present a structural modification
of the logger housings which leads to a much lower incidence of regurgitation. Systems were tested on albatrosses, cormorants,
gannets and penguins.
Received: 15 July 1997 / Accepted: 31 October 1997 相似文献
139.
The pattern of settlement over time of three broadcast spawning coral species (Cyphastrea serailia, Acanthastrea lordhowensis, and Goniastrea australensis) from the Solitary Islands (30°00′S; 153°20′E) was studied in 1995 and 1996 in order to determine the maximum length of time
these larvae could remain in the water column and still retain the ability to settle and metamorphose. Larvae were maintained
in aquaria and the number which had settled on biologically-conditioned tile pairs was monitored every 5 to 10 d. While the
majority of larvae settled quickly after becoming competent, some larvae survived and settled for extended periods after spawning.
Competency periods ranged from 26 d for C. serailia to 56 d for G. australensis and 78 d for A. lordhowensis. These data greatly extend the known competency periods for larvae of broadcast-spawning corals and indicate the potential
for transport of broadcast-spawned coral larvae over large distances. Medium to long-distance larval dispersal of the species
studied provides a mechanism for their widespread distribution in subtropical regions, on reefs which are often widely spaced
and relatively isolated.
Received: 27 May 1997 / Accepted: 27 November 1997 相似文献
140.
The sensitivity of surface waters of Great Britain to acidification predicted from catchment characteristics 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Hornung M Bull KR Cresser M Ullyett J Hall JR Langan S Loveland PJ Wilson MJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1995,87(2):207-214
Using a combination of soil, land use and geological information, a map of Great Britain has been derived which indicates the sensitivity of surface waters to acidification. For the geological information, a slightly modified version of an available map was used which indicated the sensitivity of groundwaters to acidification. For soils, 1-km databases of soil information for England and Wales and for Scotland were employed to map the soil sensitivity as determined by buffering capacity. The derived soils map was modified to take account of agricultural liming in arable and managed grassland areas using the ITE Land Classification. The final map of surface water sensitivity was obtained by using a geographic information system overlay procedure which enabled each combination of soil and geology sensitivity to be uniquely defined. The final sensitivity classification was based upon expert knowledge and the experience of a similar sensitivity mapping exercise for Wales. 相似文献