全文获取类型
收费全文 | 41024篇 |
免费 | 474篇 |
国内免费 | 357篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 1346篇 |
废物处理 | 1850篇 |
环保管理 | 5606篇 |
综合类 | 6710篇 |
基础理论 | 10645篇 |
环境理论 | 18篇 |
污染及防治 | 10039篇 |
评价与监测 | 2765篇 |
社会与环境 | 2583篇 |
灾害及防治 | 293篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 334篇 |
2021年 | 394篇 |
2020年 | 271篇 |
2019年 | 336篇 |
2018年 | 563篇 |
2017年 | 623篇 |
2016年 | 948篇 |
2015年 | 720篇 |
2014年 | 1071篇 |
2013年 | 3426篇 |
2012年 | 1334篇 |
2011年 | 1775篇 |
2010年 | 1426篇 |
2009年 | 1522篇 |
2008年 | 1816篇 |
2007年 | 1788篇 |
2006年 | 1625篇 |
2005年 | 1401篇 |
2004年 | 1360篇 |
2003年 | 1307篇 |
2002年 | 1205篇 |
2001年 | 1460篇 |
2000年 | 1058篇 |
1999年 | 658篇 |
1998年 | 513篇 |
1997年 | 505篇 |
1996年 | 551篇 |
1995年 | 628篇 |
1994年 | 541篇 |
1993年 | 502篇 |
1992年 | 534篇 |
1991年 | 504篇 |
1990年 | 484篇 |
1989年 | 451篇 |
1988年 | 410篇 |
1987年 | 348篇 |
1986年 | 359篇 |
1985年 | 378篇 |
1984年 | 390篇 |
1983年 | 392篇 |
1982年 | 397篇 |
1981年 | 353篇 |
1980年 | 288篇 |
1979年 | 311篇 |
1978年 | 249篇 |
1977年 | 229篇 |
1975年 | 200篇 |
1974年 | 214篇 |
1973年 | 239篇 |
1972年 | 226篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 16 毫秒
161.
Diapause embryos in the neustonic copepodAnomalocera patersoni 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The neustonic copepodAnomalocera patersoni Templeton, collected from the Gulf of Naples from January to May 1988, laid subitaneous and diapause eggs that were of equal size and dark and smooth in appearance. In January and February, most eggs were subitaneous and hatched within 2 to 3 d at room temperature. Conspicuous numbers of diapause eggs were first obtained in February when several clutches contained a second egg type which did not hatch in a subitaneous manner. By March and April, most clutches contained only diapause eggs. Transmission electron microscope studies of subitaneous and diapause eggs revealed striking morphological differences. Subitaneous eggs had a thin vitelline coat covering the plasma membrane, whereas diapause eggs were enveloped by a complex four-layer structure which is assembled after spawning and which probably serves as a protective shell during dormancy. No major morphological differences were discernible in the oogenic cycle of females spawning either of the two egg types. Diapause eggs were shown to be embryos in early stages of development, and segmentation of these embryos was arrested for the entire 6-mo period of investigation. Diapause eggs hatched after 7 mo of dormancy. 相似文献
162.
In April, July and August 1989 and February 1990, the delta region of the Fly River was surveyed to establish the aerial extent of mangrove forests, their species composition, tree densities and basal areas, and potential net primary production. Mangrove forests cover 87 400 ha, mainly on islands within the delta. Twentynine mangrove plant species were recorded, but there were only three major forest types in the delta.Rhizophora apiculata-Bruguiera parviflora forests (hereafterRhizophora-Bruguiera forests) predominated in regions where river water salinities were >10. These forests covered 31 500 ha and had mean total tree densities and basal areas of 2027 stems ha–1 and 21 m2 ha–1, respectively. Forests of the palmNypa fruticans (hereafterNypa forests) covered 38 400 ha, mainly in regions where river salinities were ~1 to 10, and had mean total densities and basal areas of 4431 stems ha–1 and 38 m2 ha–1, respectively. Forests dominated byAvicennia marina and/orSonneratia lanceolata (hereafterAvicennia-Sonneratia forests) predominated on accreting banks of sediment and covered 17 500 ha. In very low-salinity (< 1) regions there are large monospecific stands ofS. lanceolata. Mean total densities and basal areas forAvicennia-Sonneratia forests were 7036 stems ha–1 and 22 m2 ha–1, respectively. Mean net primary productivity (kg C ha–1 d–1) was estimated to be 26.7, 27.1 and 19.0 forRhizophora-Bruguiera, Nypa andAvicennia-Sonneratia forests, respectively. Total daily net primary production by all mangrove forests was estimated at 2214 t carbon. Using assumptions based on work in tropical Australia, it was estimated that ~678 t carbon (or 31% of primary production) were exported daily from mangrove forests to the waters of the delta.Contribution No. 550 from the Australian Institute of Marine Science 相似文献
163.
In vitro studies of the submerged angiospermRuppia maritima: Auxin and cytokinin effects on plant growth and development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Axenic tissue cultures ofRuppia maritima L. were established and propagated clonally in vitro from terminal rhizome segments collected from Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Cultures were maintained in a base medium consisting of synthetic seawater supplemented with half-strength Murashige and Skoog salts and 1% sucrose at pH 5.6. The effects of five cytokins [6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2-isopentyladenine (2iP), 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enylamino) purine (zeatin), andn-phenyl-n-1,2,3-thidiazol-5yl urea (thidiazuron)] and one auxin [napthalene acetic acid (NAA)] on explant growth and development were investigated. Cytokinin additions resulted in a 3- to 4-fold increase in nodal production, branching, and biomass ofR. maritima after 12 wk in culture. Cultures responded in a dose-dependent manner to 2iP but exhibited broad dose-response curves to kinetin, BAP, zeatin, and thidiazuron. NAA addition resulted in increased leaf and internodal lengths, but reduced the number of leaves per node and the rhizome biomass. The addition of NAA almost completely suppressed root growth in media without cytokinins and had an antagonistic effect on nodal production and branching in cytokinin-supplemented media. 相似文献
164.
Temperature and metabolic rate in sedentary fish from the Antarctic,North Sea and Indo-West Pacific Ocean 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Resting metabolic rate
was measured in demersal stages of the teleostNotothenia neglecta Nybelin from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, from 1985 to 1987. The relationship between
and body mass (Mb) conformed to the general relationship
, wherea is a proportionality constant andb is the scaling exponent.
(mg O2 h–1) was found to scale toMb
(0.82±0.011) in the summer (November to April, 1.6 to 1 850 g,n=56) and toMb
(0.76±0.013) in the winter (May to October, 0.9 to 1 850 g,n=57) (values ofb are means ± SD). Although the scaling exponents were significantly different (P<0.01),
was similar in the juvenile stages of summer- and winter-caught fish matched for body mass. The effects of activity on oxygen consumption was studied using a Brett respirometer. Adult stages had a factorial aerobic scope for activity
of 5.7, which is similar to that reported for demersal fish from temperate latitudes. The effects of temperature on resting metabolism was investigated in fish with similar sedentary lifestyles from the North Sea (Agonus cataphractus andMyoxocephalus scorpius) and the Indo-West Pacific (Paracirrhites forsteri, P. arcatus, Neocirrhites armatus andExallias brevis). Extrapolated values of
for the tropical species approached zero at 5 to 10°C. For a standard 50 g fish,
for the tropical species at 25°C was in the range 3.4 to 4.4 mg O2 h–1, compared with 1.3 mg O2 h–1 forNotothenia neglecta at its acclimation temperature. Thus, the maximum metabolic rate of sedentary tropical species at 24°C is likely to be 2 to 4 times higher than inN. neglecta at 0°C. This suggests that the energy available for sustained activity
is significantly lower in cold- than in warm-water fish. 相似文献
165.
Four 6-mo mark-and-recapture experiments conducted in Long Island Sound, USA, from 1988 to 1990, involving approximately 2250 individual observations, demonstrated that under natural conditions significantly higher mortality (p0.001, chi-square test) occurred amongMya arenaria (L.) with hematopoietic neoplasia than those diagnosed as non-neoplastic. Using a blood-screening technique, the clams were diagnosed and placed in one of three diagnostic groups based on the severity of the disease (the percentage neoplastic cells per total number of blood cells): non-neoplastic (NN), 0%; low-severity neoplastic (LSN), < 50%; high-severity neoplastic (HSN), > 50%. Mortality of those clams initially diagnosed as HSN ranged from 48% to 78%, depending on the test period, as compared to 3% to 21% for the non-neoplastic. Mortality in the LSN treatment varied from 8% to 34%. Both progression and remission were evident in clams at all stages of the disease. Mortality and rates of progression and remission in individuals appeared to be linked to water temperatures. Differential mortality may be responsible for the apparent seasonal cycle of prevalence in populations. 相似文献
166.
Protein, lipid, phosphorus, and organic carbon contents, as well as electron transport system (ETS) activity, lactatedehydrogenase activity, and gut evacuation rate, were measured in four interzonal species of Pacific copepods:Calanus australis, C. pacificus, Eucalanus inermis, andE. elongatus f.hyalinus, collected at the upwelling areas off Peru (8°S) and California (27°N), and in the middle of the North Pacific (30°N), from February to April 1987. The two Eucalanidae species —E. inermis andE. elongatus — have distinctive biochemical and elemental body composition and rates of main physiological processes. Relative protein, lipid, phosphorus, and organic carbon contents (µg mg–1 wet weight) in these species were, respectively, ca. 1/7 to 1/10, 1/5 to 1/20, 1/5 to 1/10, and 1/5 those inCalanus spp. Likewise, oxygen uptake rate per unit of wet weight (based on ETS activity) inE. inermis andE. elongatus was 5 to 10% of that in calanids; a similar difference was found in phosphorus excretion rate. In addition, gut evacuation rates inE. inermis andE. elongatus were ca. one-fifth of those inCalanus spp. Based on these data, we considered the eucalanids as belonging to a distinctive physiological group, figuratively named jelly-body copepods. In contrast with calanids, active lactatedehydrogenase has been found in the bodies ofE. inermis andE. elongatus, apparently allowing them to survive for a long time in layers of extremely low oxygen content (<0.2 ml l–1). The adaptive value of physiological features in these eucalanids and typical calanids is compared. 相似文献
167.
The present study tested the utilization of dead microbial biomass by two benthic deposit-feeders:Abra alba (Wood) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) andEupolymnia nebulosa (Montagu) (Annelida: Polychaeta). Clams were collected in the Canet lagoon during spring 1989. Worms were collected in the Port-Vendres harbour during spring 1989. The14C-labelled (glutamic acid, 24 h) sediment used during the study was sterilized with 1% chloroform, washed with sterile seawater, and dried (60°C; 48 h). This sterilisation procedure, called fumigation is the least harmful to the sediment (Novitsky 1986). Both clams and worms were incubated in the presence of the fumigated sediment for 5, 10, 20, and 50 h. At the end of each experiment we recorded the radioactivity in four compartments: (1) sediment, (2) dissolved organic matter (DOM), (3) CO2, and (4) animals. The radioactivity of the sediment was subdivided into five fractions: (i) soluble in 2N HCl, (ii) soluble in hot 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), (iii) soluble in 1N NaOH, (iv) soluble in hot 6N HCl, (v) residual (after combustion in a Leco carbon analyser). In the first set of experiments, after 20 h of incubation, 5.4 and 4.7% of the total radioactivity was taken up by clams and worms, respectively. However, a model revealed that this uptake could have been correlated with the release of radiolabelled DOM (33% of total radioactivity during the first 5 h). In order to test this assumption, we used the same protocol with three additional washes of the fumigated sediment. This resulted in a significantly lower uptake by the clams (1.9% of the total radioactivity byt = 50 h), whereas the worms exhibited an uptake similar to that in the initial experiment (5.1% of total radioactivity byt = 50 h). These results underline the importance of considering interactions with DOM when applying radiotracer techniques to the study of benthic food chains. The average ingestion rates of fumigated sediment byA. alba andE. nebulosa were 5.2 10–2 mg sediment dry wt mg–1 clam h–1 and 3.5 10–2 mg sediment dry wt mg–1 worm h–1, respectively, which is comparable to previous data reported for other deposit-feeding bivalves and polychaetes feeding on natural sediment or detritus. The low radioactivity recorded for CO2 together with the similarity of the changes in the partitioning of the radioactivity within the sediment between control experiments and experiments carried out in the presence of clams or worms suggest low assimilation efficiencies. Therefore, the present study supports the fact that dead microbial biomass does not constitute an important food source for benthic deposit-feeders. 相似文献
168.
Sporophytes of the brown algaLaminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour grown at 15°C contained significantly more chlorophylla (chla) than did similar plants grown at 5°C. The increase in chla in 15°C plants was due to increased numbers of photosystem II reaction centes, and possibly to increased photosynthetic unit size, compared with 5°C plants. These changes were associated with increased values (photosynthetic efficiencies) in 15°C-grownL. saccharina relative to 5°C-grown plants. The changes in together with reduced respiration rates allowed 15°C-grownL. saccharina to achieve net photosynthesis and light-saturated photosynthesis at a lower photon fluence rate (PFR) than 5°C plants when both groups were assayed at the same temperature (15°C). The photon fluence rates necessary to reach the compensation point and achieve light-saturated photosynthesis (I
c
andI
k
, respectively) increased with increasing incubation temperature inL. saccharina grown at both 5 and 15°C. However, acclimation responses to growth temperature compensated for the short-term effect of temperature onI
c
andI
k
. Consequently, plants grown at 5 and 15°C were able to achieve similar rates of light-limited photosynthesis, and similarI
c
andI
k
values at their respective growth temperatures. These responses are undoubtedly important for perennial seaweeds such asL. saccharina, which frequently grow in light-limited habitats and experience pronounced seasonal changes in water temperature.Please address all correspondence and requests for reprints to I.R. Davison 相似文献
169.
The relative tissue accumulation of Pb, Cd and Zn were compared in two populations each of two species of slugs (Arion subfuscus and Deroceras reticulatum). One population was resident at a contaminated Pb/Zn mine site, and the other population was from an uncontaminated site and was transferred for 20 days to microcosms established at the mine site. It was found that when the experiment was conducted during late spring (May), but not in late winter (February), that the Pb and Zn concentrations in the tissues of the 'transplants', were significantly higher than in the tissues of 'residents'; the Cd concentrations in the transplants, although significantly higher in the May sample than in February, did not exceed those of their 'resident' counterparts. It was postulated that: (a) Pb and Zn tolerance in slugs is phenotypically expressed by a reduction in metal accumulation; (b) Cd tolerance, if present, may be characterized by enhanced storage capacity; and (c) the presence of local metal-tolerant ecotypes is a biotic variable that may confound the relationship between dry tissue and environmental metal concentrations that forms a basis of pollution biomonitoring. 相似文献
170.
Dominions and desert clickers (Orthoptera:Acrididae): influences of resources and male signaling on female settlement patterns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Previous field work on the grasshopper Ligurotettix coquilletti revealed that females were not evenly distributed among male mating territories, Larrea tridentata (creosote) bushes, but were clustered at particular locations. These sites generally harbored several signaling males simultaneously and also possessed foliage preferred by the insects as a food source, this preference being based on the relative concentrations of various extra-foliar compounds. The clustering of females, therefore, could result from a preference for specific bushes because of the resources (i.e., food) available there and/or an orientation to groups of males per se. Here, we present the results of 3 field experiments in which we controlled the spatial distribution and intensity of male signals using a computer-operated system of loudspeakers and monitored the movement of individually marked females released in the study area. When male song was identical at high and low quality territories (all having single loudspeakers), females still aggregated at the high quality sites, indicating that variability in host plant quality alone may be sufficient to promote a skewed distribution of females. Among high quality territories, females did not discriminate between sites with one versus three loudspeakers (all broadcasting the same signal), but displayed a strong preference for sites (all having single loudspeakers) with a high intensity signal over a low intensity one. Field measurements showed that the songs of grouped males were more intense than those of lone males, implying that the signaling of grouped males may have enhanced the settlement of females at the bushes harboring male groups above and beyond that influenced by territory quality alone. We conclude that female attraction to host plants is influenced primarily by male signaling, whereas their subsequent retention is more dependent on territory quality. An experiment on male settlement failed to show an aggregative tendency, suggesting that male groups form through the passive accumulation of individuals at high quality sites. 相似文献