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131.
This two-part paper presents the development of an improved airport risk assessment methodology aimed at assessing risks related to aircraft accidents at and in the vicinity of airports and managing Airport Safety Areas (ASAs) as a risk mitigation measure. The improved methodology is more quantitative, risk-sensitive, flexible and transparent than standard risk assessment approaches. As such, it contributes to the implementation of Safety Management Systems at airports, as stipulated by the International Civil Aviation Organisation.The second part of the paper presents the analysis of accident locations, including the plotting of Complementary Cumulative Probability Distributions for the relevant accident types. These were then used in conjunction with the improved accident frequency models to produce Complementary Cumulative Frequency Distributions that could be used to assess risks related to specific runways and determine Airport Safety Area (ASA) dimensions necessary to meet a quantitative target level of safety. The approach not only takes into account risk factors previously ignored by standard risk assessments but also considers the operational and traffic characteristics of the runway concerned. The use of the improved risk assessment technique and risk management strategy using ASAs was also demonstrated in two case studies based on New York LaGuardia Airport and Boca Raton Airport in Florida. 相似文献
132.
This two-part paper presents the development of an improved airport risk assessment methodology aimed at assessing risks related to aircraft accidents at and in the vicinity of airports and managing airport safety areas (ASAs) as a risk mitigation measure. The improved methodology is more quantitative, risk-sensitive, flexible and transparent than standard risk assessment approaches. As such, it contributes to the implementation of Safety Management Systems at airports, as stipulated by the International Civil Aviation Organisation.The first part of the paper presents the methodological advances made in the development of accident frequency models; namely the building of a single comprehensive database of all relevant accident types, the collection and use of normal operations data in quantifying the criticality of a series of risk factors, and modelling accident frequency using multivariate logistic regression. The resulting models have better goodness-of-fit, sensitivity and specificity than standard risk assessment methodologies. 相似文献
133.
Sujeeva Setunge Kee Kong Wong Margaret Jollands 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2009,9(5-6):485-494
Annually, sawmills and other wood-processing factories generate a significant amount of scrap materials which are sent to landfills or incinerated. The amount of residue generated in Australia annually is estimated at 200,000 tonnes. A research project conducted at RMIT University explored utilizing these waste materials as particleboard furnish. The research team has now established a methodology for making particleboard in the laboratory using 100% hardwood sawmill residues, developing a particleboard product made in the laboratory which has acceptable mechanical properties and density profiles in accordance with the Australian Standards. However, this board product has some perceived issues which have been hindering ready commercial uptake. The current product requires a 10% higher resin load, has a 10% higher board density, and requires 10% longer pressing times compared to normal softwood particleboard. The paper presents an analysis of the current production process of particleboard to investigate the economic feasibility of particleboard production using hardwood sawmill residues. A major challenge in the analysis is converting the environmental benefit of utilizing large quantities of sawmill residue to a monetary term. Investigation of the global impact of particleboard by considering emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is also included. A comparison is presented between different methods of disposing wood residues to understand the environmental benefit of using hardwood residue in particleboard. 相似文献
134.
Anna Leung Zong Wei Cai Ming Hung Wong 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(3):173-173
Special FeatureWaste Management Research in Korea
A new joint publication 相似文献135.
Cadmium, lead, zinc, Chromium, copper, nickel and manganese in sediments and in aquatic organisms were collected from the aquaculture pond ecosystem of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China and analyzed to evaluate bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in food chains, as well as the potential health risk of exposure to the Hong Kong residents via dietary intake of these aquatic products. The results revealed that based on the biota–sediment accumulation factor, omnivorous fish and zooplankton accumulated more trace metals from sediment than carnivorous fish. Concentrations of seven trace metals in aquaculture pond of PRD significantly decreased with increasing trophic levels, showing that these trace metals were trophically diluted in predatory and omnivorous food chains. The hazard index values of all fish species were smaller than 1 for adults and children, indicating there was no health risk from the multiple metals via ingestion of the freshwater fish for the inhabitants. 相似文献
136.
A perspective on the prevalence of DNA enteric virus genomes in anaerobic-digested biological wastes
The major goal of this study is to gain a perspective on the prevalence of DNA enteric virus genomes in mesophilic anaerobic-digested (MAD) sewage sludge and manure by comparing their quantitative PCR (qPCR) concentrations and removals with traditional fecal indicators (Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Bacteroidetes). In addition, relationships between qPCR and culture measurements of fecal indicators (FIs) were determined. There was no significant difference between the qPCR concentrations of human adenovirus and E. coli/enterococci in MAD sewage sludge; however, the qPCR concentrations of bovine adenovirus were significantly lower than FIs and bovine polyomavirus (BPyV) in MAD manure. The qPCR concentrations of human polyomavirus were slightly lower than E. coli and enterococci (p ≤ 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the qPCR concentrations of BPyV and FIs. The digestion treatment achieved higher genome removal of bovine DNA enteric viruses than FIs (p ≤ 0.05). Significant correlations were observed between qPCR and culture measurements of FIs, but the concentrations and removals of FIs determined by qPCR assays were still significantly different than those determined by culture assays. Overall, we determined that the prevalence of DNA enteric virus genomes in MAD biological wastes was high due to their comparable in qPCR concentrations to FIs, indicating that mesophilic anaerobic digestion treatment alone may not be effective enough to remove DNA viral pathogens in biological wastes. 相似文献
137.
138.
C. K. Kwok Y. Liang S. Y. Leung H. Wang Y. H. Dong L. Young J. P. Giesy M. H. Wong 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(12):8425-8434
Samples of pond sediment, fish, and shrimp were collected from the Ramsar site at Mai Po marshes, Hong Kong (south China), and samples of pond sediment, fish, and shrimp, as well as eggs of water birds (Chinese Pond Herons (Ardeola bacchus) and Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta)), were collected from two smaller wetland sites at Jiangsu Province (mid-China), between 2004 and 2007. Accumulation levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the biota were used to calculate biota–sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF). For fish and shrimp, BSAFs of OCPs (3.8–56) were greater than those of PAHs (0.12–6.3). BSAFs and BAFs of 11–79 and 4–34, respectively, were registered for OCPs in eggs of the birds and were greater than those for PAHs (0.11–1.5 and 0.02–1.3, respectively). Assuming that fish were the main prey of the birds, greater bioaccumulation of OCPs was detected for both bird species (BAFs?=?4.5–34), while accumulation of PAHs was only detected in Little Egret (BAF?=?1.3). A significant linear relationship (p?<?0.01) was observed between concentrations of OCPs in bird eggs and in the prey fish. The present study provides a new possibility of using OCP levels detected in prey fish to predict the extent of OCPs contamination in eggs of waterbirds including the endangered species, as a noninvasive method. 相似文献
139.
Chuan Wu Hui Li Zhihong Ye Fuyong Wu Ming Hung Wong 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(12):8334-8341
Greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine effects of arsenic (As) on iron plaque formation, radial oxygen loss, As accumulation, and speciation in rice. Three genotypes were grown in soil with three different concentrations of As. The stress of As caused a slight increase of iron plaque formation (P?>?0.05) and a decrease in the rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL; P?<?0.01). The results of As speciation showed that the percentages of DMA increased from 19–28 % to 53–58 %, while the percentages of inorganic As decreased from 53–58 % to 36–42 % with the increasing soil As concentrations, indicating a strong environmental influence on As species in rice grain. The present study showed that elevated soil As may induce As toxicity towards rice plants, leading to the decrease of ROL; environmental factors could influence As methylation or As species transportation. Our study provided useful information on As tolerance and accumulation in rice which may contribute to reducing the health risk posed by As contamination in rice. 相似文献
140.
Susan A. Perlin David Wong Ken Sexton 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):406-421
ABSTRACT This study builds on earlier work investigating statistical relationships between sociodemographic characteristics of populations and their residential proximity to industrial sources of air pollution. The analysis uses demographic data from the 1990 U.S. Census and industrial site data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s 1990 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). The focus is on examining interactions among race (African Americans and Whites), poverty (above and below household poverty threshold), and age (children from birth to 5 years of age and elderly people 65 years old or older). Results from three different study areas (Kanawha Valley in West Virginia, the Baton Rouge-New Orleans Corridor in Louisiana, and the greater Baltimore metropolitan area in Maryland) suggest there are important interactions among race, poverty, and age that are likely to have consequential ramifications for efforts aimed at investigating issues related to environmental justice. Our results indicate that a substantial proportion of all demographic groups studied live within a mile of the nearest facility, with values ranging from 22% of Whites above poverty in the Baton Rouge-New Orleans Corridor to 60% of African Americans below poverty in Baltimore. Likewise, a substantial proportion of all demographic groups also live within 2 miles of four or more industrial facilities, with values ranging from 16% for Whites above poverty in the Corridor to 70% for African Americans below poverty in Baltimore. In all three study areas, African Americans were more likely than Whites to (1) live in households with incomes below the household poverty line, (2) have children 5 years of age or younger, (3) live closer to the nearest industrial emissions source, and (4) live within 2 miles of multiple industrial emission sources. Findings indicate that, compared with White children, a substantially higher proportion of African-American children 5 years of age or younger lived in poor households that were located in relatively close proximity to one or more industrial sources of air pollution. 相似文献