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41.
Maja K. Thorsen Stephen Woodward Blair M. McKenzie 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2010,14(3):239-247
Kelp and other seaweeds are traditionally used in many parts of the world as a soil amendment on arable fields. Seaweeds contain
biochemical compounds that can act as plant growth regulators in terrestrial plants. In a low-intensity arable grassland in
northwest Scotland an organic fertilizer, kelp (Laminaria digitata) has been used for hundreds of years, due to its anticipated positive effect as a soil conditioner and provider of plant
nutrients. In this study the effects of kelp on germination and rooting of crops and native plants from this area were investigated
in soil-free media. Germination was studied by incubation in the presence of kelp solutions. Rooting of plant cuttings was
assessed after a pulse treatment with kelp solutions, and indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) as a reference plant growth regulator.
Germination percentage of Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens and Avena strigosa seeds increased significantly when incubated with 0.05% kelp solutions. Total root weight and the individual weight of roots
produced in cuttings of Vigna radiata and P. lanceolata were significantly increased when exposed to a 0.5% solution of kelp. Plant vigour, assessed visually, decreased significantly
for P. lanceolata exposed to kelp at concentrations of 0.5 and 5.0% indicating the presence of a threshold level for an inhibitory effect of
kelp at these concentrations, which may be due to high salinity. The results confirmed the presence of plant growth regulators
in kelp, and indicates that amendment with kelp may potentially affect plant community composition. The threshold levels where
some plants responded negatively to kelp amendment were close to or lower than the theoretical concentrations of kelp in soil
water at field conditions with the current doses used on the machair, indicating that care should be taken in either administering
kelp at the appropriate dose or leaching out salt before application. 相似文献
42.
Anthony C. Little Annika Paukner Ruth A. Woodward Stephen J. Suomi 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(9):1311-1318
The face is an important visual trait in social communication across many species. In evolutionary terms, there are large and obvious selective advantages in detecting healthy partners, both in terms of avoiding individuals with poor health to minimise contagion and in mating with individuals with high health to help ensure healthy offspring. Many models of sexual selection suggest that an individual's phenotype provides cues to their quality. Fluctuating asymmetry is a trait that is proposed to be an honest indicator of quality, and previous studies have demonstrated that rhesus monkeys gaze longer at symmetric faces, suggesting preferences for such faces. The current study examined the relationship between measured facial symmetry and measures of health in a captive population of female rhesus macaque monkeys. We measured asymmetry from landmarks marked on front-on facial photographs and computed measures of health based on veterinary health and condition ratings, number of minor and major wounds sustained and gain in weight over the first 4?years of life. Analysis revealed that facial asymmetry was negatively related to condition-related health measures, with symmetric individuals being healthier than more asymmetric individuals. Facial asymmetry appears to be an honest indicator of health in rhesus macaques, and asymmetry may then be used by conspecifics in mate-choice situations. More broadly, our data support the notion that faces are valuable sources of information in non-human primates and that sexual selection based on facial information is potentially important across the primate lineage. 相似文献
43.
Plant growth rates and seed size: a re-evaluation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Turnbull LA Philipson CD Purves DW Atkinson RL Cunniff J Goodenough A Hautier Y Houghton J Marthews TR Osborne CP Paul-Victor C Rose KE Saner P Taylor SH Woodward FI Hector A Rees M 《Ecology》2012,93(6):1283-1289
Small-seeded plant species are often reported to have high relative growth rate or RGR. However, because RGR declines as plants grow larger, small-seeded species could achieve higher RGR simply by virtue of their small size. In contrast, size-standardized growth rate or SGR factors out these size effects. Differences in SGR can thus only be due to differences in morphology, allocation, or physiology. We used nonlinear regression to calculate SGR for comparison with RGR for 10 groups of species spanning a wide range of life forms. We found that RGR was negatively correlated with seed mass in nearly all groups, but the relationship between SGR and seed mass was highly variable. We conclude that small-seeded species only sometimes possess additional adaptations for rapid growth over and above their general size advantage. 相似文献
44.