上海自来水和天然水源中放射性铀含量的分布

本文介绍了上海城乡居民饮用水和长江、黄浦江、淀山湖、雨水、雪水中放射性铀含量及其测量和采样方法。对铀含量进行了3年连续监测,比较了不同水源中铀含量,对天然水中铀分布作了客观描述,并与其它省市比较。同一时期水中铀含量分布均匀,均在本底范围内。     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

固硫生物型煤

研究出生物型煤的生产工艺流程,对型煤和生物型煤的固硫技术进行了研究,成功试验生产出固硫性能优良的生物型煤,为中国煤能源可持续发展利用开辟了新途径。     

马尾松林地与玉米地土壤有机碳的分异研究

林农生态系统转化对土壤有机碳(SOC)组成和来源产生了较大的影响,但不同学者的结论仍然存在一定差异,且这一转化过程对土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的影响鲜有报道.基于这一背景,该研究在贵州中部区域选择马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林地和玉米(Zea mays L.)地土壤作为研究对象,通过对SOC和DOC含量和同位素组成的测定,分析林农生态系统转化前后土壤有机碳的分异.结果表明,在马尾松林地剖面中,SOC和DOC含量随剖面深度的变化幅度均大于玉米地土壤,DOC含量最大值出现在5～10 cm处;銼O13C和銬O13C随着土壤深度的加深有所偏正,但銬O13C在剖面中的变异远大于銼O13C,其极差分别为5.015‰和2.431‰;通过对比銬O13C和銼O13C的差异,说明其0～5 cm的DOC主要来源于新成枯枝落叶,而土体内部DOC则主要来自土壤腐殖类物质的转化.在玉米地剖面中,銼O13C和銬O13C随着土壤深度的加深有所偏负,但整个剖面中两值的差异较小,DOC主要来源于土壤腐殖类物质的转化;SOC来源于玉米植物体有机碳(C4-C)的比例介于2.55%～20.80%之间,随剖面层次的加深有降低趋势,但出现"之"字形反复;DOC中C4-C的比例在剖面0～40 cm间较为相近(25.94%～34.54%),40 cm以下则急剧下降(3.18%～15.65%).     

喀斯特石漠化的研究现状与存在的问题

喀斯特石漠化是土地荒漠化的主要类型之一。喀斯特生态系统的脆弱性决定了喀斯特生态系统的易损性和退化喀斯特生态系统的难恢复性,但它与发生石漠化并没必然的联系,喀斯特石漠化是岩溶生态系统退化的结果,而不是喀斯特生态系统脆弱性的必然表现。故所指的喀斯特石漠化,特指人为加速的石漠化,属于人为荒漠化的一种类型,但强调喀斯特石漠化的人为成因性,并不是否定自然背景对喀斯特生态系统的制约作用。石漠化土地的分类既要能反映出石漠化发生的严重程度,也要能体现石漠化土地的成因和岩性地貌等地质背景对生态学过程的影响,因此,作者提出以“土地利用类型+植被+岩性+地貌+石漠化程度”对人为加速石漠化过程中石漠化土地进行类型划分,以正确评价石漠化土地的生态环境价值。     

海水养殖区溶解有机氮对有害藻水华的作用

近年来我国海水养殖业发展迅速,网箱养鱼的规模和密度越来越大,由于饵料的利用率比较低,再加上鱼类自身的代谢产物等种种原因,导致养殖水域的水环境受到了严重的影响,养殖水体中溶解性有机氮(DON)含量相当高.我们就近海鱼类网箱养殖,综述国内外关于养殖型赤潮的研究,论述其对水环境的影响以及不同氮营养盐与赤潮发生的关系,尤其是养殖区中溶解性有机氮对赤潮的发生具有重要作用,国际上关于DON在有害藻水华(HABs)中所起作用方面已做了大量的研究,但目前我国对溶解有机氮研究较少,对于赤潮形成机理方面在今后的研究中应注重DON的作用,从而完善赤潮形成机制,进一步作好赤潮的预防与防治.     

人工湿地处理农村生活污水应用研究

近年来,随着新农村建设广泛开展,加快推进农村生活污水治理迫在眉睫。人工湿地处理农村生活污水是一种相对低碳、绿色的生态处理模式,倍受关注。本文阐述了人工湿地处理污水的作用机理,归纳分析对比了几种复合型人工湿地处理工艺在农村生活污水处理中的应用,最后提出复合人工湿地工艺处理农村生活污水的选用原则。     

Species richness in a riparian plant community along the banks of the Xiangxi River,the Three Gorges region

The distribution of vascular plant species richness along an altitudinal gradient and their relationships with environmental variables, including slope, aspect, bank (flooding) height, and river width of the Xiangxi River, Hubei Province, were examined. Total vascular plant species richness changed with elevation: it increased at lower elevations, reached a maximum in the midreaches and decreased thereafter. In particular, tree and herbaceous species richness were related to altitude. Correlation analysis (Kendall's τ) between species richness and environmental variables indicated that the change in species richness in the riparian zone was determined by riparian environmental factors and characteristics of regional vegetation distribution along the altitudinal gradient. The low species richness at lower elevations resulted from seasonal flooding and human activities – agriculture and fuel collection – and the higher species richness in the midreaches reflected transitional zones in natural vegetation types that had had little disturbance. These results on species distribution in the riparian community could be utilized as a reference for restoration efforts to improve water quality of the emerging reservoir resulting from the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Dam project.     

铁矿烧结过程料层对SO2的吸附作用机理

铁矿烧结烟气中的SO2来源于含铁原料和燃料中硫在高温下的分解和氧化,而烧结混合料对SO2具有强烈的吸附作用.本文采用动态法研究了烧结混合料对SO2的吸附机理和吸附动力学,结果表明在低碱度和低吸附量时,表现吸附速度与吸附量呈线性关系,吸附动力学曲线遵从一级反应动力学方程;并且在吸附初期,当混合料碱度越高且CaO来源于生石灰时,均有利于烧结混合料对烟气中SO2的多相反应吸附.     

盐碱土壤基质人工湿地对低浓度氮磷废水的净化效果

采用实验室模拟研究了以盐碱土壤为基质的不同湿地植物人工湿地系统以及对水中低质量浓度氮和磷的去除效率。实验表明，芦苇系统、香蒲系统、车钱草系统和无植物系统均对水中低质量浓度的N具有净化效果。3种植物系统相比，香蒲系统的净化效果较其他二者较佳，芦苇系统与车钱草的净化效果相当；同时实验也表明4种湿地系统对低质量浓度的P不具有净化效果，随着水力停留时间的增加，系统中的P质量浓度反而会有所增加。