马拉硫磷及其水解产物对圆瘤浮萍的生长抑制及氧化损伤作用

为了探讨马拉硫磷和主要水解产物对圆瘤浮萍的生长抑制作用及可能的氧化损伤机制,采用静态培养法,研究不同浓度的马拉硫磷及其水解产物二甲基二硫代磷酸酯(DMDTP)、二甲基硫代磷酸酯(DMTP)、二甲基磷酸酯(DMP)对圆瘤浮萍生长、叶绿素含量、叶绿体活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,暴露7 d后,浓度为100 mg a.i.·L-1处理下的浮萍叶状体生长量与空白对照组无显著性差异;DMDTP、DMTP和DMP对圆瘤浮萍叶状体生长量的半数抑制浓度(7 d-IC50)分别为52.9、45.5和98.0 mg a.i.·L-1。随着试验液中DMDTP、DMTP和DMP浓度的升高,圆瘤浮萍叶绿素含量均明显降低,叶绿体活性则分别表现为诱导-抑制、抑制和抑制效应。在DMDTP、DMTP和DMP胁迫下,脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加;圆瘤浮萍体内的抗氧化酶系统均受到影响。总体表现为随着DMDTP浓度的增加,SOD活性先降低后升高;DMTP和DMP胁迫下,SOD活性呈现先降后升再降的趋势;POD和CAT活性则随3种水解产物浓度的增加呈现先升后降趋势;这表明抗氧化酶系统对外部胁迫的应答很复杂。马拉硫磷对圆瘤浮萍的毒性较小,其水解产物DMDTP、DMTP和DMP均对圆瘤浮萍的生长产生一定的毒性作用。在实际生产中,应多加关注马拉硫磷水解产物对环境生物的风险评估。     

基于统计方法的辽东湾沉积物中多环芳烃来源特征分析

为研究辽东湾表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的来源特征,2014年5月采集了20个辽东湾海域表层沉积物样品,并利用气相色谱质谱联用仪对优先控制的16种PAHs进行测定,采用聚类分析、主成分分析-多元线性回归分析、异构体比值3种统计方法对辽东湾表层沉积物中PAHs来源特征进行了研究。结果表明,辽东湾表层沉积物中PAHs含量范围88.5~199.3 ng·g-1,平均值为(126.3±35.3)ng·g-1,其中,萘、菲和荧蒽是PAHs优势组分。通过统计分析结果表明,辽东湾北部表层沉积物中PAHs含量低于西南部,沉积物中PAHs的来源包括石油燃烧来源、煤炭、木材等生物质燃烧来源和石油来源,其中燃烧来源是主要来源,煤炭、木材等生物质燃烧来源占49.9%,石油燃烧来源和石油来源占50.1%。     

Occurrence of benzotriazoles (BTRs) in indoor air from Albany,New York,USA, and its implications for inhalation exposure

Despite the widespread use of benzotriazoles as corrosion inhibitors in many household goods, studies on the occurrence of these compounds in indoor air are scarce. In this study, five benzotriazole derivatives were measured in 83 indoor air samples collected from various locations in Albany, New York, USA. Benzotriazoles were found in a majority of the indoor air samples, and the concentrations of their sum in bulk (vapor plus particulate phases) indoor air ranged from below the method limit of quantification to 492 ng·m^?3 (geometric mean: 5.8 ng·m^?3). The highest geometric mean concentration was found in air samples collected in parking garages (155 ng·m^?3), followed by barbershops (13.6), public places (11.5), auto repair shops (5.2), automobiles (4.5), homes (4.5), offices (3.7), and laboratories (2.8). Inhalation exposure to benzotriazoles was calculated on the basis of the measured geometric mean concentrations and air inhalation rate. The highest exposure dose was found for teenagers, with a geometric mean inhalation exposure dose of 79 ng·day^?1. The body-weight normalized exposure dose, however, was the highest for infants, at 3.2 ng·(kg bw)^?1·day^?1.     

口服纳米银对大鼠的生物有效性及其体内分布的研究

由于独特的抗菌特性,纳米银(AgNP)在诸多领域得到广泛应用,但是其生物有效性、动物组织分布及排出尚不清楚。将聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包被的AgNP溶液按照10 mg kg^-1给雌性SD大鼠灌胃,采用ICP-MS检测SD大鼠组织、粪便及尿液中总银浓度。实验结果表明,AgNP通过小肠吸收后,可以通过血液循环快速分布在肝、肾、脾、肺、脑等靶器官。灌胃后1 h,大鼠各组织中总银浓度达到最大值(肝、肾、脾、肺、脑中银浓度分别为0.29 ± 0.13 mg kg^-1、0.23 ± 0.04 mg kg^-1、0.17 ± 0.05 mg kg^-1、0.11 ± 0.01 mg kg^-1、0.06 ±0.02 mg kg^-1),之后银浓度随时间降低直至和对照组无显著性差异。在灌胃途径下,AgNP对SD大鼠的有效性为8.5%,且73%的AgNP是通过粪便的途径排出体外。     

稀有鮈鲫作为水生模式生物的研究及探讨

我国本土水生生物稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus Ye et Fu,1983年)是一种优良的试验用鱼,具备成为模式生物必要条件。本文总结了稀有鮈鲫生物生态学研究情况,分析了稀有鮈鲫在多个应用领域与模式生物斑马鱼、青鳉存在的不足和差距,同时借鉴发达国家推动模式生物的实践经验,提出了针对性建议。     

Low uptakes of Cd,Cu, and Zn in Dugesia japonica,a freshwater planarian with higher tolerance to metals

Although a freshwater planarian is proposed as a potential model for studying toxicities of environmental pollutants, they are less sensitive to metal exposures, compared to other freshwater invertebrates. We hypothesised that the metal uptake is low in treated planarians, which may lead to their higher tolerance to metals. The acute toxicities of Cu and Zn to Dugesia japonica were determined. The 24- and 48-h median lethal concentrations were 4.50 and 3.46?mg?L^?1, respectively, for Cu, and 41.97 and 37.79?mg?L^?1, respectively, for Zn. Accordingly, combining with the data on Cd in our previous study, higher tolerance of planarians to metals was revealed. Also, tissue levels of Cd, Cu, and Zn in treated D. japonica were determined, and their dissolved uptake rate constants (k₁) were calculated. Results showed that bioaccumulations of these metals in D. japonica were, indeed, lower than that in other freshwater invertebrates having higher susceptibilities to these metals.     

Climate change impacts on a large-scale erosion coast of Hai Hau district,Vietnam and the adaptation

Among the effects of global warming, sea level rise (SLR) and severe typhoons pose the greatest threat to the stability of human settlements along coastlines. Therefore, countermeasures must be developed to mitigate the influences of strong typhoons and persistent SLR for coastal protection. This study assesses climate change impacts on coastal erosion, especially in two projected SLR scenarios of RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. The results show that SLR and severe typhoons lead to the increase of coastal erosion, beach lowering and scour. Moreover, as in projected SLR scenarios, average waves in high tide can cause severe soil erosion at inner slopes and lead to dyke failure by 2060. The paper highlights the need for additional countermeasures to protect the coast of Hai Hau district against SLR and severe typhoons. Among the alternatives available for countering these threats, applying soil stabilization and soil improvement combined with geosynthetics are promising strategies for coastal structures. Hybrid structures can be used with earth reinforcement and soil improvement. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the importance of multiple protective adaptations, including geosynthetics and ecological engineering measures against climate change-induced severe erosion on the coast of Hai Hau district.     

废水中有机物生物降解性数据库系统的研究

在全面分析废有机物生物降解性数据库系统的需求状态及特点的基础上,采用软件工程的方法,面向用户完成了该数据系统的系统分析和系统设计,为系统的进一步全面实施奠定了基础。     

SW型脱硫剂脱硫性能的研究

以硫酸烧渣为主要原料制备ＳＷ型脱硫剂,并对其脱硫性能进行了研究,对半水煤气、葡萄酒厂污水处理产生的沼气和焦炉煤气、水煤气中的Ｈ２Ｓ进行了工业脱硫试验,经半年以上运行证明,可使其Ｈ２Ｓ含量从３０００－５０００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３降为２０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３以下（符合国家标准）,当脱硫剂工作硫容达３０％时可返回硫酸生产中,再生周期一般为３个月,其主要性能达到国内外同类产品水平。     

一种新的拓扑指数及其在有机化合物结构/性质相关性研究中的应用

以距离矩阵为基础，提出一种表征化合物分子结构的拓扑指数，并将其用于预报饱和链烃类、醇类和含氮芳香类化合物的性质和活性，获得了满意的结果。