天津隧道机动车VOCs污染特征与排放因子

应用隧道测试方法在天津市五经路隧道于工作日和非工作日对机动车挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征及排放因子(EFs)进行研究,采用3.2 L真空采样罐采集隧道内气体样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对罐内VOCs组分进行分析,得到99种组分的定量结果.对VOCs浓度水平与变化特征、EFs进行了分析,计算隧道内VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFPs)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFPs),并与已发表的研究数据进行了对比.结果表明,隧道入口VOCs平均浓度为(190.85±51.15)μg·m~(-3),中点平均浓度为(257.44±62.02)μg·m~(-3).隧道总排放因子为(45.12±10.97) mg·(km·辆)-1,烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、芳香烃、卤代烃和含氧VOCs(OVOCs)的EFs分别为(22.79±7.15)、(5.04±1.20)、(0.78±0.34)、(9.86±2.81)、(0.26±0.17)和(6.25±2.27) mg·(km·辆)-1,与2009年测试结果相比下降明显.其中,异戊烷、甲苯、乙烯、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)和乙烷是机动车排放VOCs中排放因子较高的组分;甲基叔丁基醚/苯(MTBE/B)、甲基叔丁基醚/甲苯(MTBE/T)比值分别为1.07和0.77,说明蒸发排放对机动车排放VOCs的贡献不可忽视.隧道内VOCs的OFPs和SOAFPs分别为(145.50±37.85) mg·(km·辆)-1和(43.87±12.75) mg·(km·辆)-1,较2009年天津测试结果分别降低94.23%和90.88%,OFPs和SOAFPs的锐减与排放标准加严和油品升级密切相关.     

夏季闽江CDOM的空间分布与降解特征

利用三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析技术(EEMs-PARAFAC)以及微生物和光降解实验等方法,分析夏季闽江下游-河口区有色溶解有机质(CDOM)的组成、分布及其降解特征.结果表明,闽江下游-河口区CDOM存在三类荧光组分:类腐殖质、类酪氨酸和类色氨酸;类腐殖质是河段CDOM的主要荧光组分,在河口区随着盐度增加主要的荧光组分逐渐变为类蛋白质.CDOM的丰度变化呈现出明显的空间分布格局:河段CDOM的吸收系数a(280)较低,进入市区后有所增加,到了郊区呈现下降的趋势,而在河口区迅速下降;保守估计福州市区对闽江CDOM的贡献为8%.河段a(280)易被微生物降解和光降解,降解率分别为(28±8)%和(44±7)%,其生物可利用性和光化学活性远高于受海源CDOM影响的河口区;类腐殖质、类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光组分在河段具有较高的光化学活性,降解率分别为(75±0.5)%、(58±21)%和(73±3)%,但不易被微生物降解,而且在28 d微生物培养后出现类腐殖质的累积.     

Response of the sediment geochemistry of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) to the impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Based on the measurement of major and trace elements in suspended sediments in the low reaches of the Changjiang River during throughout a whole hydrologic year, the origins, seasonal variations, and fluxes of multielements and the human impacts on multielements transport processes have been analyzed along with the influence of weathering in the Changjiang River basin. The results show that most element contents were high in both autumn and winter and low in summer, which was largely caused by the dilution of discharge. Weathering detritus in the Changjiang River basin is the main source of most elements in suspended sediments. However, riverine pollution could bring more loadings of Cd, Pb, As and Zn into river water than it did a few decades ago. The annual average fluxes of Cd, Pb and Zn, which are major contamination elements, to the sea were 179 ± 21 tons/year, 7810 ± 675 tons/year, and 12,000 ± 1320 tons/year,respectively, in which approximately 8.7%, 11.9% and 2.7% of their loadings, respectively,were contributed by pollution inputs. Element exports mainly occurred in the summer(44.4%–57.4%) in the lower part of the Changjiang River. A general relationship between sediment retention and element content suggests a positive feedback mechanism for the decreased number of particles, in which element riverine loadings are reduced due to the enhanced trapping effect by the Three Gorges Dam(TGD). Compared to those in 1980,current element shares of the Changjiang River compared to the global budget have declined due to the construction of the TGD.     

基于边际治理成本的环境保护税税率标准探究与政策建议

税负水平是税收调节作用的重要因素,各地区需要科学地制定符合本地区发展水平的环境保护税税率来平衡环境保护与经济发展.基于2016年东北某省14个市的钢铁、电力、化工、水泥行业的排污及治理成本数据,建立污染削减费用函数模型,计算该省大气、水中主要污染物的边际治理成本,并设置不同环境保护税税率的情景方案,以探究环境保护税税率对该省经济发展的影响.结果表明:①SO₂、NO_x、COD、NH₃-N的边际治理成本分别为3.44、5.03、3.81、8.15元/污染当量. ②重点行业主要污染物的边际治理成本不同,钢铁行业主要污染物的边际治理成本较高,其COD、NH₃-N的边际治理成本均高于总体边际治理成本;化工行业的COD边际治理成本高于总体边际治理成本;电力行业的大气主要污染物边际治理成本高于总体边际治理成本;水泥行业的大气主要污染物边际治理成本则相对较低. ③适当提高环境保护税税率对经济发展总体影响不大.研究显示:该省的边际治理成本远高于目前的环境保护税征收标准,若以边际治理成本作为环境保护税税率,不但会增加企业负担,而且会导致不同行业的边际治理成本相差较大,因此,建议提高该省的环境保护税税率标准,即大气污染物征收标准为2.4元/污染当量,水污染物征收标准为2.8元/污染当量,并设置环境保护税税率的行业差异化,将有利于政策功能的发挥.      

Enzyme-electrolytic degradation of dichloromethane: Efficiency, kinetics and mechanism

Enzymatic electrolysis cell(EEC) has advantages over microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) due to the needless of microbe inoculation and high-efficiency of enzymatic reaction. In this study, an EEC was first applied to achieve the effective degradation of halogenated organic pollutants and dichloromethane(CH_2Cl_2) was utilized as a model pollutant. The results indicate that the degradation efficiency of CH_2Cl_2 after 2 hr reaction in the EEC was almost100%, which was significantly higher than that with enzyme(51.1%) or current(19.0%). The current induced the continuous regeneration of reduced glutathione(GSH), thus CH_2Cl_2 was degraded under the catalysis of GSH-dependent dehalogenase through stepwise dechlorination, and successively formed monochloromethane(CH_3Cl) and methane(CH_4). The kinetic result shows that with a current of 15 mA, the maximum specific degradation rate of CH_2Cl_2(3.77 × 10~(-3) hr~(-1)) was increased by 5.7 times. The optimum condition for CH_2Cl_2 dechlorination was also obtained with pH, current and temperature of 7.0, 15 mA and 35°C,respectively. Importantly, this study helps to understand the behavior of enzymes and the fate of halogenated organic pollutants with EEC, providing a possible treatment technology for halogenated organic pollutants.     

One-step synthesis of Cu(II) metal–organic gel as recyclable material for rapid, efficient and size selective cationic dyes adsorption

Efficient removal of non-biodegradable and hazardous dyes from wastewater remains a hot research topic. Herein, a rationally designed a Cu(Ⅱ)-based metal–organic gel(Cu-MOG) with a nanoporous 3 D network structure prepared via a simple one-step mixing method was successfully employed for the removal of cationic dyes. The Cu-MOG exhibited high efficiency, with an adsorption capacity of up to 650.32 mg/g, and rapid adsorption efficiency, with the ability to adsorb 80% of Neutral Red within 1 min. The high adsorption efficiency was attributed to its large specific surface area, which enabled it to massively bind cationic dyes through electrostatic interaction, and a nanoporous structure that promoted intra-pore diffusion. Remarkably, the Cu-MOG displayed size-selective adsorption, based on adsorption studies concerning dyes of different sizes as calculated by density functional theory. Additionally, the adsorption performance of the Cu-MOG still maintained removal efficiency of 100% after three regeneration cycles. These results suggested that the Cu-MOG could be expected to be a promising and competitive candidate to conveniently process wastewater.     

乌鲁木齐河源区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及其来源分析

利用七波段黑碳仪对2016年8月—2017年7月乌鲁木齐河源区大气中黑碳气溶胶进行了实时监测,并结合同时期气象资料对该区域黑碳气溶胶浓度变化特征、影响因子和可能来源进行了分析.结果表明,观测期间乌鲁木齐河源区黑碳浓度在102～1525 ng·m~(-3)之间变化,均值为520 ng·m~(-3).春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的浓度分别为425、536、686和427 ng·m~(-3),呈秋季最高,夏季次之,冬、春季低的季节变化特点.日内变化具有明显的双峰双谷特征,在当地时间8:00—9:00(与北京时间的时差为2小时,即为北京时间10:00—11:00,下同)和16:00—19:00有两个明显的峰值,可能与当地的排放和气象因素有关.乌鲁木齐河源区黑碳的本底浓度在春季、夏季和秋季分别为253、271和290 ng·m~(-3),而冬季黑碳的本底浓度仅为162 ng·m~(-3).与其他偏远地区相比,乌鲁木齐河源区因受较多排放源影响,黑碳浓度本底值较高.黑碳气溶胶浓度与气象因素相关性显著,当风速小于2 m·s~(-1)时,黑碳的平均浓度明显偏高,当相对湿度大于55%时,黑碳浓度明显偏低.由浓度权重轨迹分析和波长吸收指数(AAE)可知,乌鲁木齐河源区的黑碳浓度,除了受本地化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧排放的影响以外,还可能受到中亚地区远距离传输的影响.     

特大城市河流表层沉积物磷形态分布及有效性:以成都市为例

为研究河流沉积物内源污染与人类活动的响应关系,采集成都市内33个点位的河流表层沉积物,采用SMT和DGT方法监测沉积物中各形态磷及生物有效性磷含量,结合多元统计方法分析其空间分布特征,计算沉积物及其孔隙水中有效态磷的释放通量.结果表明,成都市河流表层沉积物各形态磷存在空间差异性;成都市河流表层沉积物TP的平均含量为1 132.41 mg·kg~(-1),高于成都市土壤背景值365.00 mg·kg~(-1),Ca-P为最主要磷形态,平均占TP的70.58%;研究区域可划分为3类,第1、3类的磷形态结构差异大,而第2类小,且第1、3类各形态磷含量普遍高于第2类;ω(DGT-P)分别与水体ω(DTP)、具有生物有效性的ω(Fe/Al-P)和ω(OP)均有良好的相关性,DGT技术可作为快速原位检测沉积物生物有效磷含量的可靠方法;有效态磷释放量较高的为N8 W11 N2,分别为20.05、17.13、14.79 mg·(m2·d)-1,其释放能力与人类活动密切相关.     

兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单及其时空分布特征

通过实地调研等方式获取农牧业源的活动水平,采用NARSES模型确定氮肥施用排放因子,其它排放因子通过文献调研确定,建立了2016年兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单,并进一步分析了农牧业源氨排放的时空分布特征. 2016年兰州市农牧业源大气氨排放量为9 356. 90 t;其中畜禽养殖源氨排放量7 584. 03 t,分担率81. 05%;永登县是氨排放量最大的区县,氨排放量为2 820. 59 t,分担率为30. 14%.在兰州市各区县氨排放量分担率中,畜牧业源氨排放的分担率在65. 83%～97. 38%之间;氮肥施用源的分担率在2. 27%～28. 66%之间.从空间分布来看,兰州市农牧业源氨排放主要集中在皋兰县西北部与中部、红古区东南部、七里河区东西两部与榆中县东部.从时间分布来看,畜牧业源氨排放主要集中在4～9月,氮肥施用源的氨排放主要集中在3～7月和9月,其它月份排放量相对较小.     

泰安市冬季一次严重空气污染过程分析

为揭示泰安市空气污染形成原因,选取泰安市2016年12月一次严重空气污染过程,利用泰安市2016年12月地面和探空资料及NCEP/NCAR（美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心）提供的FNL资料,对泰安市严重污染期间大气环流形势、边界层条件、污染源及传输路径进行分析.结果表明:在泰安市霾污染期间,500 hPa大气环流形势呈"两槽一脊"的特征,850 hPa泰安市处于南支槽前,受西南暖湿气流影响,为ρ（PM_2.5）的升高提供了有利条件;泰安市近地面处于高压控制下的弱风区（平均风速约为1.2 m/s）且边界层有逆温层存在,阻碍了PM_2.5的垂直输送,造成近地面ρ（PM_2.5）急剧升高.此外,泰安市及周边地区污染严重,聚类分析结果表明此次过程本地输送占比约为34%,其余均为外来传输,即污染物主要通过外来源传输,本地污染源贡献比率较小.污染物的高、低空传输路径不一致,低空污染物主要从安徽省水平输送至泰安市,高空污染物则先由河北省、河南省向南传输至安徽省、湖北省等地,再随南风气流向北输送至泰安市.研究显示,外来污染源传输作用配合本地静稳天气形势是造成此次泰安市空气污染的主要原因.