沉淀分离富集-分光光度法测定海水中痕量活性磷酸盐

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,CTAB)可与磷钼蓝(phosphomolybdenum blue,PMB)生成水难溶的PMB-CTAB离子缔合物沉淀,从而分离富集水溶液中的PMB。该沉淀易溶于硫酸乙醇溶液,溶液在700 nm有强吸收,基于此建立了沉淀分离富集-分光光度法测定海水中痕量活性磷酸盐的新方法。对溶剂酸度、试剂用量、反应时间与温度等实验参数进行了优化选择,并考察了盐度对测定结果的影响。实验结果表明,PMB可被CTAB有效地定量沉淀;盐度在15~45范围内,对测定结果无影响。在优化的实验条件下,以盐度为35的人工海水为基底,做空白加P标实验,方法的线性范围为0.30~8.00μg/L,平均回收率为95.0%,方法检测限为0.10μg/L。对实际海水中痕量活性磷酸盐进行测定,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.4%~7.1%,与广泛采用的MAGIC法比较,置信度为99%时结果无显著差异。新方法具有消耗试样体积少、测定速度快等优点。     

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)夏眠期间消化道的组织学研究

运用切片和扫描电镜技术对刺参夏眠状态和正常状态的消化道进行了组织学比较研究。结果表明,与正常状态下相比,进入夏眠后刺参消化道发生退化,消化道整体变细,变短。消化道各部分的界限变得不明显。消化道基本结构未发生变化,仍然由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜组成。但内表面柱状细胞变矮,皱襞减少,纤毛和微绒毛几乎完全脱落,分泌颗粒减少或消失。粘膜下层结缔组织变得稀疏,细胞数目减少。肌层变薄。外膜外表面的变化不大,但出现增厚的现象。对于不同夏眠阶段刺参消化道的区别有待于进一步研究。     

Observation of atmospheric nitrous acid with DOAS in Beijing, China

Measurements of nitrous acid （HONO） and nitrogen dioxide （NO2） in Beijing City have been performed by means of a developed differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS） system based on photodiode array （PDA）, during the autumn of 2004. HONO and NO2 were simultaneously identified by their characteristic absorption bands in the spectral region between 337 nm and 372 nm with high sensibility and time resolution. The concentrations of HONO exhibit obviously diurnal variation with a nocturnal maximum and a daytime minimum. The highest HONO value up to 11.8 μg/m^3 was observed during the night of 2/3 September. Possible sources of the observed HONO were discussed. Good correlation to NO2 indicates that NO2 is a main source component. The measurement also shows direct emission of HONO is an imnortant source in strongly polluted urban area.     

持久性有机污染物土气交换过程影响因素分析

持久性有机污染物(POPs)在全球范围内进行远距离传输过程中,土壤既是污染物的主要汇,又是空气中污染物的潜在来源.土气交换过程是POPs环境归宿的重要环节,该交换过程受POPs理化性质、近地面气象条件、土壤理化性质及植被覆盖等因素的影响.对近期报道的POPs土气交换过程影响因素研究进行了综述与展望,列出了研究中涉及的重要模型及公式.环境温度的变化既能改变目标物在气固相之间的分配行为,影响空气中污染物的干湿沉降和气态交换过程,也能够通过近地面温度场的梯度变化影响污染物在土气交换过程中的垂直紊流扩散.此外,近地面水平风速的变化也会影响目标物的在近地面空气中的垂直紊流扩散.土壤有机质含量及种类控制了土壤中POPs的吸附/解吸过程,土壤温度和湿度影响污染物的土气分配系数,土壤矿物组成也会影响污染物吸附和解吸过程.地面植被能够吸收和吸附空气中气态和颗粒态POPs,通过雨水淋刷和枯落物凋落转移到土壤中;植被覆盖可以减少土壤的温度变化,减少土壤中POPs的挥发.尽管近年已经取得丰硕的成果,但在土气交换过程多因素耦合影响量化评估、动态评估POPs在典型场地原位复杂环境下的土气交换通量、在区域尺度量化植被对城市中POPs土气交换的影响等方面有待开展深入研究工作.     

Study on coupling between mineral resources exploitation and the mining ecological environment in Shanxi Province

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Due to rapid socioeconomic development, seeking the coordination of resources exploitation and the ecological environment has become an objective...     

湿热沿海海上风电机组环境适应性测试评价分析

海上风资源丰富,同时存在高温、高湿、盐雾、台风等恶劣环境因素。本文对福建沿海地区某海上风电机组进行为期一年的环境适应性测试,分别从温湿度监测、海盐粒子浓度监测、大气腐蚀等级测试、电器设备腐蚀环境监测及结构件防腐措施现场测试这几个方面进行评价分析,为服役于湿热沿海的风电机组在设计、制造、运行和维护方面提供一定的参考。     

豆制品加工废水处理工程设计分析

豆制品加工废水有机物和悬浮物浓度较高,水量及水质波动大,且容易发酸发臭。浙江某豆制品生产企业采用化学沉淀+SBR生化工艺对废水进行处理,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》GB8978-1996三级标准。该工艺操作简便,运行稳定,处理效率高,适合中小规模豆制品企业废水的处理。     

工业园区开展环保管家服务的意义和途径

环保是我国在发展中较为重视的一个工作内容,为了能够顺利地做好城市环保工作,在2016年提出了"环保管家"这个环保概念,通过这个理念推动环保服务业的发展。但是由于该理念提出的时间尚短,所以在实施阶段出现了较多的阻力,导致环保管家并没能实现方案提出的预想效果。鉴于环保管家对工业园区工作的重要性,本文将分析环保管家在工业园区开展的意义以及途径,希望能对相关从业人员的工作有所启发。     

Biogenic palladium prepared by activated sludge microbes for the hexavalent chromium catalytic reduction: Impact of relative biomass

• Pd nanoparticles could be reduced and supported by activated sludge microbes. • The effect of biomass on Pd adsorption by microbes is greater than Pd reduction. • More biomass reduces Pd particle size, which is more dispersed on the cell surface. • When the biomass/Pd add to 6, the catalytic reduction rate of Cr(VI) reaches stable. Palladium, a kind of platinum group metal, owns catalytic capacity for a variety of hydrogenations. In this study, Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) were generated through enzymatic recovery by microbes of activated sludge at various biomass/Pd, and further used for the Cr(VI) reduction. The results show that biomass had a strong adsorption capacity for Pd(II), which was 17.25 mg Pd/g sludge. The XRD and TEM-EDX results confirmed the existence of PdNPs associated with microbes (bio-Pd). The increase of biomass had little effect on the reduction rate of Pd(II), but it could cause decreasing particle size and shifting location of Pd(0) with the better dispersion degree on the cell surface. In the Cr(VI) reduction experiments, Cr(VI) was first adsorbed on bio-Pd with hydrogen and then reduced using active hydrogen as electron donor. Biomass improved the catalytic activity of PdNPs. When the biomass/Pd (w/w) ratio increased to six or higher, Cr(VI) reduction achieved maximum rate that 50 mg/L of Cr(VI) could be rapidly reduced in one minute.     

Taxonomic and functional variations in the microbial community during the upgrade process of a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant – from conventional to partial nitrification-denitrification

• Upgrade process was investigated in a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant. • The optimization of DO can technically achieve the shift from CND to PND process. • Nitrosomonas was mainly responsible for ammonium oxidation in PND system. • An obviously enrichment of Thauera was found in the PND process. • Enhanced metabolic potentials on organics was found during the process update. Because of the low access to biodegradable organic substances used for denitrification, the partial nitrification-denitrification process has been considered as a low-cost, sustainable alternative for landfill leachate treatment. In this study, the process upgrade from conventional to partial nitrification-denitrification was comprehensively investigated in a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant (LLTP). The partial nitrification-denitrification system was successfully achieved through the optimizing dissolved oxygen and the external carbon source, with effluent nitrogen concentrations lower than 150 mg/L. Moreover, the upgrading process facilitated the enrichment of Nitrosomonas (abundance increased from 0.4% to 3.3%), which was also evidenced by increased abundance of amoA/B/C genes carried by Nitrosomonas. Although Nitrospira (accounting for 0.1%–0.6%) was found to stably exist in the reactor tank, considerable nitrite accumulation occurred in the reactor (reaching 98.8 mg/L), indicating high-efficiency of the partial nitrification process. Moreover, the abundance of Thauera, the dominant denitrifying bacteria responsible for nitrite reduction, gradually increased from 0.60% to 5.52% during the upgrade process. This process caused great changes in the microbial community, inducing continuous succession of heterotrophic bacteria accompanied by enhanced metabolic potentials toward organic substances. The results obtained in this study advanced our understanding of the operation of a partial nitrification-denitrification system and provided a technical case for the upgrade of currently existing full-scale LLTPs.