Comparative study of extraction methods for the determination of PAHs from contaminated soils and sediments

The following four methods were compared on the extraction efficiency of 16 EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): German method of the Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs und Forschungsanstalten (VDLUFA), two methods of the International Organization for Standardization using shaking (ISO A) and Soxhlet extraction (ISO B) and an ultrasonic method. Recovery rates of 16 PAHs were determined in two soils. Extraction efficiency was evaluated in five soils and three sediments. Effect of drying soils and sediments on extraction efficiency was tested using the VDLUFA and the ultrasonic methods. Our study shows that the number of aromatic rings, rather than extraction procedures, significantly influenced recovery rates of individual PAHs. No significant differences in extraction efficiency of the four methods were observed for less polluted samples. For highly polluted soils, extraction efficiency decreased in the following order: VDLUFA method > ISO A > ultrasonic method > ISO B. Influence of soil moisture on extraction efficiency depended to some extent on both solvent used and content of PAHs in samples. A mixture of dichloromethane/acetone (5:1) is recommended for PAH extraction from moist samples when the ultrasonic method is used.     

Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination: comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain

The annual nitrogen (N) budget and groundwater nitrate-N concentrations were studied in the field in three major intensive cropping systems in Shandong province, north China. In the greenhouse vegetable systems the annual N inputs from fertilizers, manures and irrigation water were 1358, 1881 and 402 kg N ha(-1) on average, representing 2.5, 37.5 and 83.8 times the corresponding values in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) rotations and 2.1, 10.4 and 68.2 times the values in apple (Malus pumila Mill.) orchards. The N surplus values were 349, 3327 and 746 kg N ha(-1), with residual soil nitrate-N after harvest amounting to 221-275, 1173 and 613 kg N ha(-1) in the top 90 cm of the soil profile and 213-242, 1032 and 976 kg N ha(-1) at 90-180 cm depth in wheat-maize, greenhouse vegetable and orchard systems, respectively. Nitrate leaching was evident in all three cropping systems and the groundwater in shallow wells (<15 m depth) was heavily contaminated in the greenhouse vegetable production area, where total N inputs were much higher than crop requirements and the excessive fertilizer N inputs were only about 40% of total N inputs.     

PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs in wild terrestrial mammals from Japan: congener specific accumulation and hepatic sequestration

The present study determined the contamination levels and congener-specific accumulation features of dioxins and related compounds (DRCs) in wild terrestrial mammals such as large Japanese field mice (LJFM), lesser Japanese moles (LJMs), and raccoon dogs (RDs) collected from Kanto region in Japan during 2001. The toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) levels in the carcasses or adipose tissues were in the order of RDs > or = LJMs > LJFM. Comparison of DRC congener profiles in the three species and principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated a higher contribution of OCDD, T4CB77, and P5CB118 in LJMs. Analysis of liver-adipose distribution of DRC congeners in RDs showed that livers contained significantly higher TEQs than adipose tissues, indicating that liver is a depository organ and critical for determining the toxicokinetics of DRCs. As for most T4, P5, H6CDD/DFs and for P5CB126, H6CB169 and mono-ortho PCB congeners, their liver/adipose concentration ratios in RDs revealed a tendency to increase with hepatic TEQ levels, suggesting TEQ-dependent hepatic sequestration.     

Adsorption of zinc on manganite(γ-MnOOH): particle concentration effect and adsorption reversibility

The adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) on τ-MnOOH as a function of particle concentrations (Cp) were studied. An obvious Cp effect was observed in this adsorption system. The degree of adsorption hysteresis increased greatly with the increasing of Cp, indicating that the extent of the real metastable-equilibrium states deviating from the ideal equilibrium state was enhanced with the increasing of Cp. The Cp-reversibility relationship confirmed the metastable-equilibrium adsorption (MEA) inequality (Pan, 1998a), which was the core formulation of the MEA theory. Because the MEA inequality was based on the basic hypothesis of MEA theory that adsorption densitιy ι is not a state variable, the Cp-reversibility relationship gave indirect evidence to the basic hypothesis of MEA theory.     

Biogenic VOCs emission inventory development of temperate grassland vegetation in Xilin River basin, Inner Mongolia, China

Given the key role of biogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs) to tropospheric chemistry and regional air quality, it is important to generate accurateVOCs emission inventories. However, only a less fraction of plant species, in temperate grassland of Inner Mongolia, has been characterized by quantitative measurements. A taxonomic methodology, which assigns VOCs measurements to unmeasured species, is an applicable and inexpensive alternation for extensive VOCs emission survey, although data are needed for additional plant families and genera to further validate the taxonomic approach in grassland vegetation. In this experiment, VOCs emission rates of 178 plant species were measured with a portable photoionization detector( PID). The results showed the most of genera and some families have consistent feature of their VOCs emission, especially for isoprene, and provide the basic premise of taxonomic methodology to develop VOCs emission inventories for temperate grassland. Then, the taxonomic methodology was introduced into assigning emission rate to other 96 species, which no measured emission rates available here. A systematical emission inventory of temperate grassland vegetation in Inner Mongolia was provided and further evidence that taxonomy relationship can serve as a useful guide for generalizing the emissions behavior of many, but not all, plant families and genera to grassland vegetation.     

基于CFD-CAA技术某封闭靶场内噪声特性数值模拟

目的 预测某封闭靶场排烟室与射击室内的射击噪声特性,为排烟室降噪与射击孔隔音方案设计提供参考。方法 在比测室外射击噪声试验数据,保证仿真精度的前提下,采用CFD-CAA耦合算法,对9 mm手枪射击时特定封闭靶场内的射击噪声进行数值计算。首先使用Realizablek-?模型,结合动网格技术,对封闭靶场内射击时的膛口流场进行数值计算。然后开启FW-H声学计算模型,计算各监测点声学数据。结果封闭靶场内射击时,排烟室内各监测点噪声声压级较室外射击时均有增强,增强效果在20°方位角监测点尤为明显,最大增强2.682 dB。结论 与室外射击相比,在封闭靶场内射击时,排烟室内射击噪声的峰值声压级较大,混响时间加长,应针对性选择吸音方案,降低混响时间。射击室射手人耳处噪声声压级接近安全阈值,应改进射击孔隔音方案,降低人耳处直达声。     

渤海直排海污染源排放特征及管理对策研究

本文根据2011－2020年渤海直排海污染源监测数据,分析了渤海直排海污染源污染物排放特征及变化趋势,总结了2017年以来特别是渤海综合治理攻坚战实施后直排海污染源治理成效,并提出相应的管理对策。研究结果表明:2011－2020年,渤海直排海污染源污水排放量与黄海、东海和南海海区相比一直处于低位,化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷等污染物排放量总体呈先增加后减少的趋势;从2018年渤海综合治理攻坚战实施开始,直排海污染源入海污水总量呈明显上升趋势,但化学需氧量、总磷、总氮等主要污染物总量和浓度比明显下降,直排海污染源达标率呈逐年上升趋势;空间分布上,山东省、辽宁省属于直排海污染源排放量和排放强度高的省份;时间分布上,2018－2020年第四季度化学需氧量、总氮、总磷、氨氮等主要污染物排放量呈明显上升趋势。结合渤海直排海污染源排放特征,建议应健全渤海直排海污染源管控体系,分类推进渤海直排海污染源精准整治,提升渤海直排海污染源监测能力,为深入开展渤海直排海污染源污染治理提供支撑。     

高砷煤矿废水灌溉区土壤砷的分布特征探究

通过对贵州兴仁县交乐村高砷煤矿废水灌溉区土壤总砷的分布特征进行研究。文章对土壤总砷、pH值及有机质含量进行了分析,结果表明,污灌区土壤砷的含量最高达237.55mg/kg,最低为24.20mg/kg,平均As含量为85.62mg/kg,均高于世界、中国及贵州黄壤中的平均水平;pH平均值为5.12,属酸性土壤;有机质含量普遍偏高;高砷煤矿废水灌溉导致了灌区土壤中砷的累积。灌溉方式影响了土壤中砷的迁移与分布情况,土壤中砷的含量,随着与灌溉水源距离的增加而急剧降低。研究区土壤中砷的迁移较缓慢,但有向下游逐渐扩散的趋势。土壤总砷含量受到了pH值和有机质影响,但与两者的相关性并不明显。     

温度对编织复合材料层合厚板冲击性能的影响研究

目的 研究室温和低温下编织复合材料层合厚板的冲击性能。方法 通过开展低速冲击试验和冲击后的压缩试验,对冲击响应曲线、冲击损伤容貌、压缩失效模式和剩余压缩强度进行分析,探讨冲击时的环境温度对编织复合材料层合厚板冲击性能的影响。结果 冲击后的编织复合材料层合厚板存在凹坑、分层、基体裂纹和纤维断裂等多种失效模式,压缩失效模式主要表现为横贯冲击损伤区域截断式破坏失效。结论 低温环境增强基体强度,降低了复合材料的冲击损伤程度,从而提高编织复合材料结构的剩余压缩强度。     

流化床污泥干燥器床料的颗粒度对流化情况的影响

以上海白龙港污水处理厂流化床污泥干燥系统为研究对象,针对流化床污泥干燥器流化情况的好坏分析,在确定其它变量（流化风量、给料分配器转速、料层压差、运行负荷等）不变的情况下,对床料颗粒度的工艺参数进行研究实验,总结颗粒度的工艺参数对流化情况的运行变化规律,从而提高了流化床污泥干燥系统的稳定性、连续性和高效性。