乳品废水活性污泥沉降特性研究

针对活性污泥法处理乳品工业废水过程中产生大量活性污泥的现状,研究不同温度、pH和沉降时间对活性污泥沉降的影响,旨在阐明活性污泥沉降性能的最佳条件,最大限度降低活性污泥在污水处理系统中所占的体积。试验结果表明当污泥沉降时间为120 m in时,pH6.0,35℃条件下污泥沉降体积为54%;pH7.0,45℃条件下污泥沉降比为54%;pH8.0,45℃污泥沉降体积比为55%;pH9.0,55℃条件下污泥沉降体积为52%;pH 10.0,5℃、15℃、25℃、35℃、45℃和55℃条件下污泥沉降体积比相近,均在60%以上。结合乳品废水处理的实际情况,pH6.0~9.0,温度35℃~55℃,污泥沉降时间为120 m in,污泥沉降效果较好,体积比可达到52%~54%。     

Effect of soil crust on evaporation and dew deposition in Mu Us sandy land, China

The development of soil crust on sandy land may affect the surface hydrological process. This paper investigates the process of evaporation and dew deposition influenced by different soil surface types which were dominated by sand, primitive biotic crust, and advanced biotic crust, respectively, in the south fringe of Mu Us sandy land in Northwest China from July to September of 2006. The experimental results indicate that the advanced biotic crust could increase evaporation and dew deposition compared to the primitive biotic crust and bare sand although the differences between them were not significant. The average evaporation from advanced biotic crust, primitive biotic crust and sand was 6.8, 6.6, and 6.5 mm/d, respectively, and water content is around 16.2 % in the condition of initially identical soil. The average dew amount on advanced biotic crust was 0.116 mm/d with extreme 0.05 and 0.24 mm/d. The average values on primitive biotic crust and sand were 0.105 and 0.101 mm/d, respectively, with extreme 0.04 and 0.21 mm/d for both treatments. Also, the dew deposition on advanced biotic crust seemed stable and might rest for a longer time than that on primitive biotic crust and sand. The results suggest that the advanced biotic crust possibly facilitates evaporation and dew deposition. Therefore, the development of biotic crust may potentially enhance the hydrological circulation in the upper sand layer in sandy land.     

Enhanced atrazine removal using membrane bioreactor bioaugmented with genetically engineered microorganism

Bioaugmentation with genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for enhanced removal of recalcitrant pollutants was explored. An atrazine-degrading genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) with green fluorescent protein was inoculated into an MBR and the effects of such a bioaugmentation strategy on atrazine removal were investigated. The results show that atrazine removal was improved greatly in the bioaugmented MBR compared with a control system. After a start-up period of 6 days, average 94.7% of atrazine was removed in bioaugmented MBR when atrazine concentration of influent was 14.5 mg/L. The volumetric removal rates increased linearly followed by atrazine loading increase and the maximum was 65.5 mg/(L·d). No negative effects were found on COD removal although carbon oxidation activity of bioaugmented sludge was lower than that of common sludge. After inoculation, adsorption to sludge flocs was favorable for GEM survival. The GEM population size initially decreased shortly and then was kept constant at about 10⁴–10⁵ CFU/mL. Predation of micro-organisms played an important role in the decay of the GEM population. GEM leakage from MBR was less than 10² CFU/mL initially and was then undetectable. In contrast, in a conventionally activated sludge bioreactor (CAS), sludge bulking occurred possibly due to atrazine exposure, resulting in bioaugmentation failure and serious GEM leakage. So MBR was superior to CAS in atrazine bioaugmentation treatment using GEM.     

高校足球教学中学生兴趣的培养

在高校足球课教学中,正确的引导学生,合理选择安排教材与教学进度,培养学生的学习兴趣是掌握足球技、战术的有效方法.发挥学生的主体作用,并开发利用体育课程资源,逐步培养高校学生的体育兴趣,以及参与体育运动的积极性,目的性,从而让学生学会学习,培养学生终身体育的意识与目的,这既是高校对培养人才的基本要求,也是我国现行社会发展的需要.体育课教学应以学生为中心,根据高校学生的生理、心理特点,采用组合措施,培养学生对体育课的兴趣.     

腐殖酸钠对钙、镁离子吸附效果的研究

实验研究了腐殖酸钠混合液对钙、镁离子的吸附性能。高温条件下由草炭和NaOH制取的腐殖酸钠混合液,吸附水中的钙镁离子,结果发现：随着混合液用量的增加,其对钙镁离子的去除效率增加。当混合液用量为8ml时,二者的吸附效率均在88％以上,其中对镁离子的去除率可达100％,而且由于钙镁离子具有相同的核外电子层结构及类似的化学性质,因此混合液对钙镁离子的去除效果类似,表明腐殖酸钠混合液对钙镁离子具有极好的去除效果,可广泛应用于处理含钙镁离子的污水。     

炼焦过程排放挥发性有机物的排放特征和组成分布研究

为控制炼焦排放以及为预防城市大气污染提供可靠的污染源数据支持,利用不锈钢采样罐和全自动预浓缩/GC/MS系统,研究了58-Ⅱ型和JN43-80型焦炉在装煤时刻和炼焦过程(包括装煤时刻)中挥发有机物(VOCs)的排放特征及其组成分布,分析了焦化行业排放VOCs的反应活性。研究发现,在装煤时刻和炼焦过程中,58-Ⅱ型焦炉产生的总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)浓度分别为7022μg/m~3和6266μg/m~3;JN43-80型焦炉产生的TVOCs浓度分别为4185μg/m~3和3298μg/m~3。装煤时刻产生的TVOCs浓度明显高于炼焦过程产生的。炼焦过程无组织排放的VOCs包含烯烃、烷烃、芳香烃、卤代烃以及少量的醛和酮,其中乙烯、乙烷、丙烯、苯、甲苯等为主要成分。这些产生的VOCs反应活性各不相同,活性最大的是烯烃类物质,其活性占TVOCs反应活性比重为(86.2±2.1)%;其次是芳香烃类物质,其活性比重为(9.2±3.1)%;反应活性最大的5个物种分别是丙烯、乙烯、1,3-丁二烯、1-丁烯以及苯乙烯。     

湖北省土地利用结构变化及其驱动机制分析

采用1996～2004年的统计资料,分析了湖北省土地利用结构变化,研究发现全省耕地大幅度减少,其次是未利用地和牧草地;林地则迅速增加,其次为居民点及独立工矿、园地、其他农用地、交通用地和水利设施用地。随后运用典型相关分析法,以湖北省76个县级行政单位为研究单元,进一步对湖北省土地利用结构变化的驱动因子进行了统计分析,定量诊断出各驱动因子对湖北省土地利用结构变化贡献作用的大小。结果显示,湖北省土地利用结构与社会经济因素之间关系可以用4对典型相关变量表示,耕地、居民点及工矿用地、林地、交通用地、水利设施用地的发展变化分别对应于不同的社会经济驱动因子。     

南水北调中线工程总干渠沿线经过河流水质评价

选取南水北调中线总干渠工程沿线的19条河流,对其水环境特征进行了为期1年的动态监测。利用单因子污染指数评价每条河流的污染因子和污染源类型,在此基础上,由综合污染指数评价得知,河南的赵河、贾鲁河、河北的孟良河,北京的琉璃河水质为Ⅳ类中度污染;河南的卫河、河北的洨河、天津的北运河水质为Ⅴ类重度污染,天津的独流碱河水质为劣Ⅴ类严重污染。评价Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类、劣Ⅴ类河流水质指标污染分担率确定污染水体主要污染物及其来源。总体来看,水质沿工程总干渠由南到北逐渐恶化,污染类型也由农业型转向工业型。研究结果可为中线工程的水资源合理配置与沿线河流污染的有效控制提供科学依据.     

The role of the clean development mechanism in achieving China��s goal of a resource-efficient and environmentally friendly society

This paper examines the impact of the clean development mechanism (CDM) on China??s progress in building a resource-efficient and environmentally friendly society, referred to as a dual-goal society. It presents China??s CDM activities from the perspective of policy directions, administrative arrangements and capacity building as well as outlines the regional trends and distribution of CDM projects across China??s 30 provinces. Based on regression analysis of 2006?C2009 panel data, the research was able to provide estimates at provincial level of the impacts of CDM activities on China??s CO₂ emission intensity, SO₂ emission intensity and industrial dust emission intensity. The study concludes that the active CDM projects are mainly located in the less-developed central and west China where they have provided increased opportunities for sustainable development. Furthermore, the successful implementation of CDM projects across the country has significantly decreased the emission intensity of CO₂, SO₂ and industrial dust, which means that these activities have enhanced China??s ability to build the desired dual-goal society.