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191.
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Hopanoids are pentacyclic triterpenoid lipids occurring in bacteria. They are synthesized from isopentenyl units which are
formed in a new biosynthetic route leading to isopentenyl diphosphate. Six C5 units are joined to form squalene, the immediate precursor in hopanoid synthesis. In a highly complex cyclization reaction
that shares considerable similarities with that of oxidosqualene to sterols, the hopane skeleton is formed from squalene by
the squalene-hopene cyclase. Recent elucidation of the X-ray structure of this membrane-bound cyclase has shed some light
on the properties of this unusual enzyme. The active site is located in a cavity within the enzyme. The squalene substrate
diffuses through a channel structure from the membrane into this cavity and is there transformed into hopene. Polar side chains
are attached to hopene resulting in the amphiphilic molecular structure of many hopanoids. These hopanoids are membrane components
involved in regulating membrane fluidity and stability. However, the many structural variants of hopanoids indicate that they
may have other interesting but as yet unknown functions. 相似文献
195.
In 1964, Walter Rothenbuhler proposed a two-gene model to explain phenotypic variance in the remarkable behavior in which honey bee workers remove dead brood from their colonies. Rothenbuhler's model proposed that one locus controls the uncapping of brood cells containing dead pupae, while a second controls the removal of the cell contents. We show here, through molecular techniques and quantitative trait loci (QTL) linkage mapping, that the genetic basis of hygienic behavior is more complex, and that many genes are likely to contribute to the behavior. In our cross, we detected seven suggestive QTLs associated with hygienic behavior. Each detected QTL controlled only 9-15% of the observed phenotypic variance in the character. 相似文献
196.
“日本是一个深受自然恩惠的国家,而且国民们都感觉到了这种恩惠。”日本北九州尤其享受到了环境保护给他们带来的恩惠。提起北九州,便不能不提及上世纪中叶,轰动世界的八大公害事件。1968年3月,在日本的北九州市、爱知县一带.突然有几十万只火鸡死亡。不久,发现了一批奇怪的病人:眼睑浮肿,眼分泌物增多,全身起红疙瘩,肌肉疼痛,四肢麻木,肝功能下降,胃肠道功能紊乱,有的因医治无效而死亡。这种病很快蔓延开来,受害者达1万多人。这就是震惊世界的八大公害事件之一的米糠油事件,也称火鸡事件、多氯联苯污染事件。“公害事件”之后,北九州从政府到民间企业,从学者到普通市民,都把环保事业当成头等大事。经过20多年的努力,他们终于把连大肠杆菌都不能生存的“死海”,变成了百种鱼类的生产基地,把日降尘量位居日本首位的“七色烟城“,日本第一个获得联合国环境规划署颁发的“全球500佳奖“的城市,1992年在联合国环境与发展会议(UNCED地球首脑会议)上,北九州获得“联合国地方城市表彰奖”。[编者按] 相似文献
197.
G.L. Feng J. Letey A.C. Chang M. Campbell Mathews 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2005,110(3-4):219-229
Large scale dairy operations are common. In many cases the manure is deposited on a paved surface and then removed with a flushing system, after which the solids are separated, the liquid stored in ponds, and eventually the liquid applied on adjacent crop land. Management of liquid manure to maximize the fertilizer value and minimize water quality degradation requires knowledge of the interactive effects of mineralization of organic N (ON) to NH4+, crop uptake of mineral N, and leaching of NO3− on a temporal basis. The purpose of the research was to use the ENVIRO-GRO model to simulate how the amount of applied N, timing of N application, ON mineralization rates, chemical form of N applied, and irrigation uniformity affected (1) yields of corn (Zea mays) in summer and a forage grass in winter in a Mediterranean climate and (2) the amount of NO3− leached below the root zone. This management practice is typical for dairies in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The simulations were conducted for a 10-year period. Steady state conditions, whereby an equivalent amount of N applied in the organic form will be mineralized in a given year, are achieved more rapidly for materials with high mineralization rates. Both timing and total quantity of N application are important in affecting crop yield and potential N leaching. Major conclusions from the simulations are as follows. Frequent low applications are preferred to less frequent higher applications. Increasing the amount of N application increased both the crop yield and the amount of NO3− leached. Increasing irrigation uniformity increased crop yields but had variable effects on the amount of NO3− leached. A winter forage crop following a summer corn crop effectively reduced the leaching of residual soil N following the corn crop. 相似文献
198.
Sui Pengzhe Wen Xianghua Huang Xia 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2007,1(3):362-367
In this study, ultrasound was used to control the membrane fouling online in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR). Short-term
running experiments were carried out under different operating conditions to explore feasible ultrasonic parameters. The experimental
results indicated that when the crossflow velocity was more than 1.0 m/s, membrane fouling could be controlled effectively
only by hydrodynamic methods without ultrasound. When ultrasound was applied, an ultrasonic power range of 60–150 W was suitable
for the membrane fouling control in the experimental system. The experimental results showed that the membrane fouling was
controlled so well that membrane filtration resistance (ΣR) could stay at 5 × 1011 m−1 for more than a week with the crossflow velocity of 0.75 m/s, which equaled the effect of crossflow velocity of more than
1.0 m/s without ultrasound.
Translated from Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 7(4): 25–29 [译自: 环境污染治理技术与设备] 相似文献
199.
The capability of decolorization for commercial dyes by Coriolus versicolur fermentation broth containing laccase with or without immobilized mycelium was evaluated.With cell-free fermentation broth containing laccase,high decolorization ratio was achieved for acid orange 7,but not for the other dyes concerned.The immobilized mycelium was proved to be more efficient than the cell-free system.All the four dyestuffs studied were found being decolourized with certain extent by immobilized mycelium.The repeated-batch decolorization was carried out with satisfactory results.The experimental data showed that the continuous decolorization of wastewater from a printing and dyeing industry was possible by using self-immobilized C.Versicolor. 相似文献
200.
Population differences in anti-predator behaviour have been demonstrated in several species, although less is known about the genetic basis of these traits. To determine the extent of genetic differences in boldness (defined as exploration of a novel object) and shoaling within and between zebrafish (Danio rerio) populations, and to examine the genetic basis of shoaling behaviour in general, we carried out a study that involved laboratory-raised fish derived from four wild-caught populations. Controlling for differences in rearing environment, significant inter-population differences were found in boldness but not shoaling. A larger shoaling experiment was also performed using one of the populations as the basis of a North Carolina type II breeding design (174 fish in total) to estimate heritability of shoaling tendency. A narrow-sense heritability estimate of 0.40 was obtained, with no apparent dominance effects. 相似文献