高压溶出系统闪蒸冷凝水利用方案探讨

介绍了铝行业拜尔法高压溶出工艺中闪蒸冷凝水回收利用的一种新思路.该方法是采用先密闭回收 分冷凝水水质情况回用到不同位置的处理线路,实现高温冷凝水全部回用的目标,解决生产现场闪蒸汽排放、热污染和振动问题.     

1—硝基芘对斜生栅藻的毒性研究

酿要用评价化学品对藻类毒性的标准实验方法,研究了１－硝基芘对斜生栅藻生长的影响,得到了１－ＮＰ抑制斜生栅藻生长的ＥＣ５０（９６ｈ）为０．１８２４ｍｇ．１＾－１,实验结果还表明,１－ＮＰ对藻生长的抑制作用随时间的延长而增加,抑制物性表现为特久且强度大,抑制机理为不可逆性抑制。     

博物馆室内微环境中碱性气体的被动采样方法研究

针对博物馆微环境中的碱性污染气体-氨气,采用自行研制的被动采样器,建立了一套适合博物馆馆藏文物保存环境中氨气含量分析的被动采样-离子色谱检测方法,应用于博物馆的实地采样分析,通过与主动法采样对照,获得了被动采样器在博物馆微环境中氨的吸收系数,从而获得采样点空气中氨气的浓度,为博物馆文物保存环境监测提供了可行方法。     

Behaviour of selected endocrine-disrupting chemicals in three sewage treatment plants of Beijing, China

Occurrence and fate of eight kinds of selected endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in three sewage treatment plants (STPs) of Beijing, China was investigated. These EDCs, composed of 4-octylphenol (4-OP), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (17α-E2), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), in every step of STPs, were simultaneously analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after derivatisation. All the EDCs were detected in the influents of three STPs, and BPA was the most abundant compound. The concentrations of EDCs ranged from 36.6 ng/l of 17α-E2 (STP C) to 1342.3 ng/l of BPA (STP B) in the influent sewages and from below limits of detection of E2 and E3 (STP C) to 142.5 ng/l of E1 (STP B) in the effluent sewages. The STPs could not remove alkylphenols effectively from the aqueous phase with less than 40% reduction. BPA decreased over 90%, and steroid estrogens achieved considerable reductions from 64.8% of E2 to 94.9% of E3. Generally, biological treatment was more effective in removing alkylphenols, BPA and natural estrogens from the aqueous phase than primary treatment. However, the synthetic estrogen, EE2, was mostly removed by the primary treatment with about 63.5% reduction. It is the first time that the concentration of 17α-E2 in the sewage of China was reported in this paper. The compound might have a bearing with the waste effluents of dairy farms around urban area of Beijing.     

A novel approach to rapid detection of acute water toxicity and its policy implications for grassroots sustainable environmental monitoring

Unknown chemicals, emerging contaminants, and the resulting reactions among them make early detection and warning of acute water toxicity extremely challenging. The conventional approach using small fish for toxicity monitoring normally requires a designated species of fish and over a week's time to complete, including dilution of the wastewater, a pre-test, and a full test. It often increases chances for error and delays emergency management. This paper reports a novel approach, based on grassroots knowledge and field and lab experience in Jilin, China. This approach uses a combination of different species of aquarium fish to achieve fast and reliable monitoring. It tests the original source water directly without going through the dilution procedure, while paying attention to the time factor. The approach does not require a pre-test and may shorten the time needed for detecting acute toxicity to a few minutes, using a new classification of aquatic toxicity levels. It is inexpensive to use and may be easily adopted by grassroots organizations. The approach is "greener" and more financially and socially sustainable than traditional approaches. The wide use of the approach has the potential to encourage policy innovations for making toxicity monitoring grassroots based and more effective in reducing acute contamination emergencies.     

Simulation of soil loss processes based on rainfall runoff and the time factor of governance in the Jialing River Watershed,China

Jialing River is the largest tributary in the catchment area of Three Gorges Reservoir, and it is also one of the important areas of sediment yield in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In recent years, significant changes of water and sediment characteristics have taken place. The "Long Control" Project implemented since 1989 had greatly changed the surface appearance of the Jialing River Watershed (JRW), and it had made the environments of the watershed sediment yield and sediment transport change significantly. In this research, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation was selected and used to predict the annual average amount of soil erosion for the special water and sediment environments in the JRW after the implementation of the "Long Control" Project, and then the rainfall–runoff modulus and the time factor of governance were both considered as dynamic factors, the dynamic sediment transport model was built for soil erosion monitoring and forecasting based on the average sediment yield model. According to the dynamic model, the spatial and temporal distribution of soil erosion amount and sediment transport amount of the JRW from 1990 to 2007 was simulated using geographic information system (GIS) technology and space-grid algorithm. Simulation results showed that the average relative error of sediment transport was less than 10% except for the extreme hydrological year. The relationship between water and sediment from 1990 to 2007 showed that sediment interception effects of the soil and water conservation projects were obvious: the annual average sediment discharge reduced from 145.3 to 35 million tons, the decrement of sediment amount was about 111 million tons, and decreasing amplitude was 76%; the sediment concentration was also decreased from 2.01 to 0.578 kg/m³. These data are of great significance for the prediction and estimation of the future changing trends of sediment storage in the Three Gorges Reservoir and the particulate non-point source pollution load carried by sediment transport from watershed surface.     

M3法测定土壤有效态Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni

通过M3法对耕地土壤重金属的联合测定,为土壤重金属污染监测应用提供快速联合测定的方法。用M3法测定北方耕地土壤的有效Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni,通过对M3法与其他方法进行有效重金属测定值差异性及其相关性比较,与全量的浸出率分析等探讨M3法对耕地土壤有效重金属测定的特征。结果表明,M3法在《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)的土壤重金属含量范围内可以测定土壤有效态重金属Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni,且呈线性极显著相关。M3法与其他方法有效Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni有较好的相关性,与DTPA法呈极显著相关;与NaNO₃法除有效Pb外,呈极显著和显著相关;与HCl法除褐土和潮土的有效Pb外,也呈极显著和显著相关。M3法的有效态Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni的测定值均为最大。M3法对4种耕地土壤有效Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni的浸出率,因土壤类型不同,有效重金属含量所占比率不同,但利用M3法测定的有效态Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni的浸出率最大。     

基于多态模糊BN的石化动设备故障概率定量风险评估

石化行业的压缩机、泵等动设备故障模式多样,故障概率的不确定性较大,常用的风险评估方法无法实现对石化行业动设备失效概率的定量评估,限制了设备安全管理的准确性和有效性.基于贝叶斯网络(BN)可定量计算复杂系统失效概率的特点,利用故障模式与影响分析(FMEA)方法获取动设备风险事件的因果关系,将其映射为BN,并利用BN中节点...     

我国矿产资源国家所有权的价值考量

我国经济高速发展的同时,出现了矿产资源大量消耗和环境严重污染的问题。许多学者认为是矿产资源国家所有权惹的祸,极力倡导所有权改制。从理性的角度出发分析,出现这种现象并不是国家所有权惹的祸,而是国家所有权的管理体制不再适应今天市场化的要求,应从管理体制和竞争方面来加强矿产资源的管理。