低剂量丙烯酰胺多世代持续暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫的损伤作用

论文研究了丙烯酰胺(acrylamide,AA)低剂量多代持续暴露对模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans,C.elegans)的发育、生殖、寿命和捕食行为能力的影响。将线虫暴露于不同剂量水平的AA中,检测对当代线虫的发育周期、后代数量、寿命和捕食行为的影响,结果显示,1.0 mmol·L~(-1)AA水平可诱发当代线虫发育周期延长和后代数量减少(P 0.05),0.05mmol·L~(-1)和0.001 mmol·L~(-1)水平可分别诱发捕食行为能力下降和寿命缩短(P0.05)。进一步选取对当代线虫不产生明显损伤效应的AA剂量,将线虫进行多代持续暴露处理,结果显示,0.01 mmol·L~(-1)AA分别可在第2代g1和第3代g2诱发发育周期延长和后代数量减少(P0.05),0.005 mmol·L~(-1)AA可在第2代g1引起摄食行为能力下降,0.0001 mmol·L~(-1)(约7μg·L~(-1),低于推测人的平均AA暴露水平)的AA在第2代g1即可诱发寿命缩短(P0.05)。以上结果表明AA生物学毒性可以在后代间积累,极低剂量AA多代持续暴露仍可诱发生物学损伤。     

An overview on industrial waste management in China

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小麦田中有机硫气体的释放

采用密闭箱法对不同施肥条件下小麦田中羰基硫(COS)、二硫化碳(CS₂)和二甲基硫(DMS)的释放情况进行了监测.结果表明,小麦生长过程对COS、CS₂和DMS释放影响显著,小麦对COS有明显吸收作用,DMS和CS₂是麦田中释放的主要含硫气体.COS和CS₂释放速率昼夜变化明显.仅施用有机肥的麦田,硫释放总量高于其它田块.不同施肥条件的田块,硫释放总量范围在-1.40～0.79mg·ml^-2之间.     

生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术研究

根据处理工艺原理的不同 ,分别介绍生化和物化处理技术、膜处理技术、土地处理技术和蒸发处理技术等处理工艺研究与应用的进展情况 ,同时根据我国填埋场渗滤液的产生特点和处理处置现状 ,展望了我国渗滤液处理工艺的发展趋势。     

Two-stage fuzzy-stochastic robust programming: a hybrid model for regional air quality management

In this study, a hybrid two-stage fuzzy-stochastic robust programming (TFSRP) model is developed and applied to the planning of an air-quality management system. As an extension of existing fuzzy-robust programming and two-stage stochastic programming methods, the TFSRP can explicitly address complexities and uncertainties of the study system without unrealistic simplifications. Uncertain parameters can be expressed as probability density and/or fuzzy membership functions, such that robustness of the optimization efforts can be enhanced. Moreover, economic penalties as corrective measures against any infeasibilities arising from the uncertainties are taken into account. This method can, thus, provide a linkage to predefined policies determined by authorities that have to be respected when a modeling effort is undertaken. In its solution algorithm, the fuzzy decision space can be delimited through specification of the uncertainties using dimensional enlargement of the original fuzzy constraints. The developed model is applied to a case study of regional air quality management. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been obtained. The solutions can be used for further generating pollution-mitigation alternatives with minimized system costs and for providing a more solid support for sound environmental decisions.     

类二噁英多氯联苯生殖毒性的研究进展

类二噁英多氯联苯(DlPCBs)作为典型的环境内分泌干扰物,会干扰接触个体或其后代的内分泌功能,破坏机体的神经系统、免疫系统,尤其对生殖系统的影响最为明显,比如对生殖器官的形态与功能、生殖内分泌、原始生殖细胞及其受精和早期胚胎发育等产生严重影响,最终导致各种生殖系统疾病的发生。DlPCBs的蓄积性及半挥发性使其在环境中分布广泛,半衰期长的特点使其将对动物及人类的生存和健康造成难以想象的影响。本文综述了DlPCBs的分类与构成、一般性质、生殖毒性以及其可能的致病机理,并对DlPCBs生殖毒性机理研究的重点方向进行了展望。     

微波强化有机改性膨润土对磷的吸附特性研究

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)在微波辐射条件下对浙江临安膨润土进行改性,制得有机改性膨润土,利用其含磷模拟废水进行处理,考察了不同的工艺条件如有机改性剂用量、微波辐射强度、辐照时间、吸附时间、改性膨润土投加量、pH值对废水中磷去除效果的影响。结果表明:在有机改性剂用量为3 mmol/g,微波辐照强度为96 W/g,微波辐照时间8 min为最佳制备条件。改性膨润土用量为12 mg/L,反应时间为15 min,溶液pH为7及常温条件下,改性膨润土对浓度为50 mg/L的含磷废水去除率达到97.3%,吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。     

油污染土壤气体抽排去污模型及影响因素

为了开展适合我国实际情况的有机污染土壤气体抽排净化技术研究,在对油污染土壤的通风去污过程机理进行分析的基础上,建立了一个简化机理模拟模型.以华北地区典型土壤为实验土样,油污染物为例,通过一维土柱实验,研究了抽排气体流速、土壤含水率和土质对去污过程的影响.实验表明抽排气体流速存在最佳值,土壤含水率对不同土质土壤净化时间影响不同,对粉砂土,含水率升高,净化效率增强;而对粘质土壤,结果正好相反.对模型预测结果进行实验验证表明,本文建立的模拟模型在实验限定条件范围内是准确和适用的.     

Progress in the ecology and conservation of giant pandas

Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) conservation is a possible success story in the making. If extinction of this iconic endangered species can be avoided, the species will become a showcase program for the Chinese government and its collaborators. We reviewed the major advancements in ecological science for the giant panda, examining how these advancements have contributed to panda conservation. Pandas’ morphological and behavioral adaptations to a diet of bamboo, which bear strong influence on movement ecology, have been well studied, providing knowledge to guide management actions ranging from reserve design to climate change mitigation. Foraging ecology has also provided essential information used in the creation of landscape models of panda habitat. Because habitat loss and fragmentation are major drivers of the panda population decline, efforts have been made to help identify core habitat areas, establish where habitat corridors are needed, and prioritize areas for protection and restoration. Thus, habitat models have provided guidance for the Chinese governments’ creation of 67 protected areas. Behavioral research has revealed a complex and efficient communication system and documented the need for protection of habitat that serves as a communication platform for bringing the sexes together for mating. Further research shows that den sites in old‐growth forests may be a limiting resource, indicating potential value in providing alternative den sites for rearing offspring. Advancements in molecular ecology have been revolutionary and have been applied to population census, determining population structure and genetic diversity, evaluating connectivity following habitat fragmentation, and understanding dispersal patterns. These advancements form a foundation for increasing the application of adaptive management approaches to move panda conservation forward more rapidly. Although the Chinese government has made great progress in setting aside protected areas, future emphasis will be improved management of pandas and their habitat.