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331.
长江口盐沼带湿地生态演替过程中甲烷排放研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
甲烷(CH4)作为河口湿地碳循环的重要中间产物,是大气中仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)的第二大温室气体,其排放清单对于全球气候变暖趋势的预测具有重要意义.因此,本研究采用静态箱-气相色谱技术,针对长江口盐沼带湿地CH4的排放通量展开了为期2年、每月1次的现场观测.研究结果表明,长江口盐沼带湿地持续表现为大气CH4的净排放源,其中,2011年在海三棱藨草覆盖情况下,全年CH4平均排放通量达到了1.00 mg·m-2·h-1,2012年互花米草大规模入侵后,海三棱藨草生物量显著减小,全年CH4排放通量减小为0.55 mg·m-2·h-1.Pearson相关性分析表明,沉积物有机碳含量、光合有效辐射及含水率等均不是影响长江口盐沼带湿地CH4排放的重要环境因子.在2011年,海三棱藨草生物量(p=0.001,r=0.928)、气温(p0.01,r=0.432)均与CH4排放通量呈现显著正相关,全年CH4最大排放通量出现在生物量最大的夏季8月份;2012年随着互花米草的入侵,CH4排放通量在5月份达到了最大值,自5月份之后逐渐减小,互花米草的入侵使长江口中潮滩盐沼带湿地CH4排放通量整体呈现出了下降的趋势. 相似文献
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Zhiguang Zhou Yue Ren Jiazhi Chu Nan Li Sen Zhen Hu Zhao Shuang Fan Hui Zhang Pengjun Xu Li Qi Shuting Liang Bin Zhao 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2016,28(6):244-251
To assess the influence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) on the environment in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWIs), we determined the levels of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples collected around a MSWI, which is the largest in China. The International Toxicity Equivalency Quantity(I-TEQ) concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air samples were from 0.0300 to 1.03 pg I-TEQ/m~3(0.445–13.6 pg/m~3), with an average of 0.237 pg I-TEQ/m~3, while in soil samples they ranged from 0.520 to 3.40 pg I-TEQ/g(2.41–88.7 pg/g) with an average of1.49 pg I-TEQ/g. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples were comparable to other areas, and Pe CDFs were the dominant contributors, which was different from stack gas homologue patterns. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that PCDD/Fs emission from the MSWI did not directly affect the profiles of PCDD/Fs in air and soils, so that vehicles and unidentified emission sources should be considered. The daily inhalation levels of PCDD/Fs for children(0.0110 to 0.392 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) and adults(0.00600 to 0.221 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) near the MSWI were lower than the tolerable daily intake of 1.00 to 4.00 pg WHO-TEQ/(kg·day), but in winter the values were higher than in summer. These results can be used as basic data for assessing the risk of PCDD/Fs exposure in residents living around this MSWI, and more monitoring programs and studies should be carried out around MSWIs. 相似文献
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Carbonyl emissions from commercial cooking sources in Hong Kong 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ho SS Yu JZ Chu KW Yeung LL 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2006,56(8):1091-1098
Cooking fumes are an important carbonyl emission source, especially in a highly urbanized city, such as Hong Kong. Cooking exhaust from 15 commercial kitchens of a variety of cooking styles was sampled and analyzed for a suite of 13 carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl compositions were varied among the different cooking styles. Formaldehyde was generally the most abundant carbonyl, and its contribution to the total carbonyl amount on a molar basis ranged from 12 to 60%. Acrolein was also found to be an abundant carbonyl in the cooking exhaust. The highest contribution by acrolein to the total carbonyls was found to be 30% in the exhaust of a western-style steak restaurant. Long-chain saturated carbonyls, that is, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal, accounted for a significant fraction (> 40%) of the total carbonyls in kitchens that always used heated cooking oils. Two dicarbonyls, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, had a various presence in the cooking emissions, ranging from negligible to 10%. The presence of benzaldehyde and tolualdehyde was mostly negligible in the sampled kitchen exhaust. Annual emission rates of both individual carbonyls and total carbonyls were estimated for various types of commercial kitchens. Local-style fast-food shops contributed the highest total carbonyl emissions per year mainly because of the large number of this kind of restaurant in Hong Kong. The citywide annual emission rates of the three most toxic carbonyls, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, were estimated assuming that the limited number of sampled restaurants were representative of the average restaurants. Such estimates of carbonyl emission rates were comparable to the estimated carbonyl emissions from vehicular sources, suggesting the importance of commercial cooking as a source for carbonyls in Hong Kong. 相似文献
337.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface soils from outskirts of Beijing, China 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Surface soils from the outskirts of Beijing were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The distribution map of total PAHs content was obtained as a contour plot. The concentration range of 16 PAHs varied by over two orders of magnitude from 0.016 microg g-1 in rural to 3.884 microg g-1 in suburban soils with the relatively standard deviation of 70.5%, showing large differences in the extent of PAHs pollution at the various sampling sites. It was notable that the concentration of BaP was 0.005-0.270 microg g-1 with a mean of 0.055 microg g-1. In general, the distribution of PAHs centered on the high molecular weight PAHs known to be carcinogenic. The 4-6 ring PAHs represented about 66% in rural samples and 70% in suburban soils of the total PAHs found. There was relatively good relationship among most of the individual PAHs and the compounds of Pyr, BaA, Flu, BbF, BaP, Chr and Ph gave strong correlation (r>0.8) with the sum of PAHs. The selected marked compounds, a principal component analysis (PCA) and special PAHs compound ratios (Ph/An vs Flu/Pyr; summation operator COMB/ summation operator EPA-PAHs) suggest the pyrogenic origins, especially traffic exhausts, are the dominant sources of PAHs in Beijing outskirts soils. 相似文献
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Kai-Tai Lu Yung-Chuan Chu Ting-Chi Chen Kwan-Hua Hu 《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2010,88(5):356-365
The dicumyl peroxide (DCP) is widely used as a polymerization initiator, catalyst and vulcanizing agent in the chemical industry. A number of accidents have been caused by its thermal instability in storage or manufacturing process. Thus, its hazard characteristics have to be clearly identified. First of all, the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used to measure the heat of decomposition reaction, which can contribute to understanding the reaction characteristics of DCP. The accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) is used to measure the rates of temperature and pressure rises of decomposition reaction, and then the kinetics parameters are estimated. Furthermore, the MIKE 3 apparatus and the 20-l-Apparatus are used to measure and analyze the dust explosion characteristics of DCP at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Finally, Semenov's thermal explosion theory is applied to investigate the critical runaway condition and the stability criterion of decomposition reaction, and to build the relationship of critical temperature, convective heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer surface area and ambient temperature. These results contribute to improving the safety in the reaction, transportation and storage processes of DCP. 相似文献
340.
Quantum yield study of the photodegradation of hydrophobic dyes in the presence of acetone sensitizer. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The photodegradation of hydrophobic disperse dyes with different chromophores in the presence of acetone (ACE) was investigated. In this study, the photodecay of dyes was carried out in the Rayonet RPR-200 merry-go-round photoreactor, with 253.7 nm monochromatic ultraviolet (UV) lamps. A typical azo disperse dye (CI disperse yellow 7--DY7) and an anthraquinone disperse dye (CI disperse orange--DO11) were used as the probe compounds. The results demonstrate that the addition of acetone increases the solubility of hydrophobic disperse dyes and enhances the photosensitization reaction simultaneously. More than ten times of quantum yield enhancement is observed in the presence of ACE photosensitizer than in water alone. The photodegradation of DY7 and DO11 is dominated by photoreduction, which follows pseudo first-order decay, and the rate constants strongly depend on the solvent system (i.e., ACE/H2O ratios) and the initial pH levels. The decay quantum yields of dyes are normally observed with the increase of the ACE/H2O ratio. The optimum quantum yields of DY7 and DO11 were determined at 0.5 (v/v) and 0.25 (v/v), respectively, in alkaline conditions. A further increase in the ACE/H2O ratio reduces the quantum yields, possibly due to light attenuation by excess acetone. 相似文献